Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance.Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied on various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale with the unit symbol °C (formerly called ''centigrade''), the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), the latter being used predominantly for scientific purposes. The kelvin is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI).
Absolute zero, i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not actually reached, as recognized in the third law of thermodynamics. It would be impossible to extract energy as heat from a body at that temperature.
Temperature is important in all fields of natural science, including physics, chemistry, Earth science, astronomy, medicine, biology, ecology, material science, metallurgy, mechanical engineering and geography as well as most aspects of daily life. Provided by Wikipedia
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201by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Bulletin of Glaciological Research (2020)
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202by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Bulletin of Glaciological Research (2020)
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203by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Bulletin of Glaciological Research (2020)
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204by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
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205by Rajič, Kristijan, Raimbourg, Hugues, Famin, Vincent, Moris‐muttoni, Benjamin, Fisher, Donald, M, Morell, Kristin, D, Canizarés, AurélienContributors: “...Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI)...”
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206by Rajič, Kristijan, Raimbourg, Hugues, Famin, Vincent, Moris‐muttoni, Benjamin, Fisher, Donald, M, Morell, Kristin, D, Canizarés, AurélienContributors: “...Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI)...”
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207by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Bulletin of Glaciological Research (2020)
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208by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Bulletin of Glaciological Research (2020)
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209by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Bulletin of Glaciological Research (2020)
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210by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
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211by Calov, R., Greve, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bueler, E., Huybrechts, P., Johnson, J. V., Pattyn, F., Pollard, D., Ritz, C., Saito, F., Tarasov, L.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Glaciology (2010)
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212by Calov, R., Greve, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bueler, E., Huybrechts, P., Johnson, J. V., Pattyn, F., Pollard, D., Ritz, C., Saito, F., Tarasov, L.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Glaciology (2010)
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213by Lannuzel, Delphine, Vancoppenolle, Martin, van Der Merwe, Pier, de Jong, J., Meiners, Klaus M., Grotti, M., Nishioka, Jun, Schoemann, VéroniqueContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2016)
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214by Lannuzel, Delphine, Vancoppenolle, Martin, van der Merwe, Pier, De Jong, J., Meiners, Klaus M., Grotti, M., Nishioka, Jun, Schoemann, VéroniqueContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2016)
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215by Rajič, Kristijan, Raimbourg, Hugues, Famin, Vincent, Moris‐muttoni, Benjamin, Fisher, Donald, M, Morell, Kristin, D, Canizarés, AurélienContributors: “...Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI)...”
Published in Tectonics (2023)
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216by Calov, R., Greve, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bueler, E., Huybrechts, P., Johnson, J. V., Pattyn, F., Pollard, D., Ritz, C., Saito, F., Tarasov, L.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Glaciology (2010)
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217by Lannuzel, Delphine, Vancoppenolle, Martin, van Der Merwe, Pier, de Jong, J., Meiners, Klaus M., Grotti, M., Nishioka, Jun, Schoemann, VéroniqueContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2016)
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218by Rajič, Kristijan, Raimbourg, Hugues, Famin, Vincent, Moris‐muttoni, Benjamin, Fisher, Donald, M, Morell, Kristin, D, Canizarés, AurélienContributors: “...Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI)...”
Published in Tectonics (2023)
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219by Lannuzel, Delphine, Vancoppenolle, Martin, van Der Merwe, Pier, de Jong, J., Meiners, Klaus M., Grotti, M., Nishioka, Jun, Schoemann, VéroniqueContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2016)
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220by Lannuzel, Delphine, Vancoppenolle, Martin, van Der Merwe, Pier, de Jong, J., Meiners, Klaus M., Grotti, M., Nishioka, Jun, Schoemann, VéroniqueContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene (2016)
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