Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance.Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied on various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale with the unit symbol °C (formerly called ''centigrade''), the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), the latter being used predominantly for scientific purposes. The kelvin is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI).
Absolute zero, i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not actually reached, as recognized in the third law of thermodynamics. It would be impossible to extract energy as heat from a body at that temperature.
Temperature is important in all fields of natural science, including physics, chemistry, Earth science, astronomy, medicine, biology, ecology, material science, metallurgy, mechanical engineering and geography as well as most aspects of daily life. Provided by Wikipedia
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181by Williams, Guy Darvall, Nicol, Stephen, Aoki, Shigeru, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Bindoff, Nathaniel L., Iijima, Yuji, Marsland, Simon J., Klocker, AndreasContributors: “...Institute for Low Temperature Science...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2010)
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182by Baccolo, Giovanni, Delmonte, Barbara, Di Stefano, Elena, Cibin, Giannantonio, Crotti, Ilaria, Frezzotti, Massimo, Hampai, Dariush, Iizuka, Yoshinori, Marcelli, Augusto, Maggi, ValterContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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183by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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184by WONGPAN, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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185by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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186by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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187by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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188by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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189by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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190by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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191by Baccolo, Giovanni, Delmonte, Barbara, Di Stefano, Elena, Cibin, Giannantonio, Crotti, Ilaria, Frezzotti, Massimo, Hampai, Dariush, Iizuka, Yoshinori, Marcelli, Augusto, Maggi, ValterContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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192by Baccolo, Giovanni, Delmonte, Barbara, Di Stefano, Elena, Cibin, Giannantonio, Crotti, Ilaria, Frezzotti, Massimo, Hampai, Dariush, Iizuka, Yoshinori, Marcelli, Augusto, Maggi, ValterContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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193by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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194by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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195by Wongpan, Pat, Vancoppenolle, M., Langhorne, P., Smith, I., Madec, Gurvan, Gough, A., Mahoney, A., Haskell, T.Contributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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196by Baccolo, Giovanni, Delmonte, Barbara, Di Stefano, Elena, Cibin, Giannantonio, Crotti, Ilaria, Frezzotti, Massimo, Hampai, Dariush, Iizuka, Yoshinori, Marcelli, Augusto, Maggi, ValterContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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197by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Bulletin of Glaciological Research (2020)
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198by Nomura, Daiki, WONGPAN, Pat, TOYOTA, Takenobu, TANIKAWA, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, ONO, Takashi, ISHINO, Tomomi, TOZAWA, Manami, TAMURA, Tetsuya, YABE, Itsuka, SON, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, NOSAKA, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, OOKI, Atsushi, AOKI, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Bulletin of Glaciological Research (2020)
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199by Nomura, Daiki, Wongpan, Pat, Toyota, Takenobu, Tanikawa, Tomonori, Kawaguchi, Yusuke, Ono, Takashi, Ishino, Tomomi, Tozawa, Manami, Tamura, Tetsuya, Yabe, Itsuka, Son, Eun Yae, Vivier, Frédéric, Lourenço, Antonio, Lebrun, Marion, Nosaka, Yuichi, Hirawake, Toru, Ooki, Atsushi, Aoki, Shigeru, Else, Brent G.T., Fripiat, François, Inoue, Jun, Vancoppenolle, MartinContributors: “...Institute of Low Temperature Science Sapporo...”
Published in Bulletin of Glaciological Research (2020)
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200by Austin, Jay AlanContributors: “.... We also demonstrate that an observed rise in the air temperature starting in late December 1988...”
Published 1999
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