Sunderland
![The areas that are now Sunderland were once part of the Brythonic [[Hen Ogledd](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg)
The centre of the modern city is an amalgamation of three settlements founded in the Anglo-Saxon era: Monkwearmouth, on the north bank of the Wear, and Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth on the south bank. Monkwearmouth contains St Peter's Church, which was founded in 674 and formed part of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, a significant centre of learning in the seventh and eighth centuries. Sunderland was a fishing settlement and later a port, being granted a town charter in 1179. The city traded in coal and salt, also developing shipbuilding industry in the fourteenth century and glassmaking industry in the seventeenth century. Following the decline of its traditional industries in the late 20th century, the area became an automotive building centre. In 1992, the borough of Sunderland was granted city status. Sunderland is historically part of County Durham, being incorporated to the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.
Locals are sometimes known as Mackems, a term which came into common use in the 1970s. Its use and acceptance by residents, particularly among the older generations, is not universal. The term is also applied to the Sunderland dialect, which shares similarities with the other North East England dialects. Provided by Wikipedia
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121by Fisher, Jenny A., Jacob, Daniel James, Soerensen, Anne Laerke, Amos, Helen Marie, Corbitt, Elizabeth Sturges, Streets, David G., Wang, Qiaoqiao, Yantosca, Robert M., Sunderland, Elynor MGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2013)
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122by Wagner, Charlotte C., Amos, Helen M., Thackray, Colin P., Zhang, Yanxu, Lundgren, Elizabeth W., Forget, Gael, Friedman, Carey, Selin, Noelle E, Lohmann, Rainer, Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published 2019
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123by Soerensen, Anne L., Sunderland, Elsie M., Holmes, Christopher D., Jacob, Daniel J., Yantosca, Robert M., Skov, Henrik, Christensen, Jesper H., Strode, Sarah A., Mason, Robert P.Get access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2010)
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124by Soerensen, Anne, Jacob, Daniel James, Schartup, Amina, Fisher, Jenny, Lehnherr, Igor, St. Louis, Vincent L., Heimbürger, Lars-Eric, Sonke, Jeroen E., Krabbenhoft, David P., Sunderland, Elynor MGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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125by Ma, Yuxin, Adelman, D., Bauerfeind, Eduard, Cabrerizo, Ana, McDonough, C.A., Muir, D.C.G., Soltwedel, Thomas, Sun, Caoxin, Wagner, Charlotte, Sunderland, E.M., Lohmann, RainerGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2018)
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126by Ma, Yuxin, Adelman, Dave A, Bauerfeind, Eduard, Cabrerizo, Ana, McDonough, Carrie A, Muir, Derek, Soltwedel, Thomas, Sun, Caoxin, Wagner, Charlotte C, Sunderland, Elsie M, Lohmann, RainerGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2018)
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127by Wagner, Charlotte C., Amos, Helen N., Thackray, Colin P., Zhang, Yanxu, Lundgren, Elizabeth W., Forget, Gael, Friedman, Carey L., Selin, Noelle E., Lohmann, Rainer, Sunderland, Elise M.Get access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2019)
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129by Sonke, Jeroen E., Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia, Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem, Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin, Sunderland, Elsie, Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, OlegGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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130by Sonke, Jeroen E., Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia, Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem, Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin, Sunderland, Elsie, Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, OlegGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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131by Sonke, Jeroen E., Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia, Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem, Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin, Sunderland, Elsie, Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, OlegGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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132by Sonke, Jeroen E., Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia, Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem, Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin, Sunderland, Elsie, Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, OlegGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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133by Sonke, Jeroen E., Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia, Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem, Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin, Sunderland, Elsie, Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, OlegGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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134by Sonke, Jeroen E., Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia, Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem, Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin, Sunderland, Elsie, Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, OlegGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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135by Sonke, Jeroen E., Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia, Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem, Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin, Sunderland, Elsie, Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, OlegGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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136by Sonke, Jeroen E., Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia, Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem, Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin, Sunderland, Elsie, Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, OlegGet access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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137by Soerensen, Anne L, Jacob, Daniel J, Schartup, Amina T, Fisher, Jenny A, Lehnherr, Igor, St. Louis, Vincent L, Heimburger, Lars-Eric, Sonke, Jeroen E, Krabbenhoft, David P, Sunderland, Elsie MGet access
Published 2016
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138by Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia V., Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem V., Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin P., Sunderland, Elsie M., Sonke, Jeroen E., Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, Oleg S.Get access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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139by Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia V., Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem V., Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin P., Sunderland, Elsie M., Sonke, Jeroen E., Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, Oleg S.Get access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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140by Sonke, Jeroen E., Teisserenc, Roman, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Petrova, Mariia V., Marusczak, Nicolas, Le Dantec, Theo, Chupakov, Artem V., Li, Chuxian, Thackray, Colin P., Sunderland, Elsie M., Tananaev, Nikita, Pokrovsky, Oleg S.Get access
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2018)
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