Sunderland
![The areas that are now Sunderland were once part of the Brythonic [[Hen Ogledd](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg)
The centre of the modern city is an amalgamation of three settlements founded in the Anglo-Saxon era: Monkwearmouth, on the north bank of the Wear, and Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth on the south bank. Monkwearmouth contains St Peter's Church, which was founded in 674 and formed part of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, a significant centre of learning in the seventh and eighth centuries. Sunderland was a fishing settlement and later a port, being granted a town charter in 1179. The city traded in coal and salt, also developing shipbuilding industry in the fourteenth century and glassmaking industry in the seventeenth century. Following the decline of its traditional industries in the late 20th century, the area became an automotive building centre. In 1992, the borough of Sunderland was granted city status. Sunderland is historically part of County Durham, being incorporated to the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.
Locals are sometimes known as Mackems, a term which came into common use in the 1970s. Its use and acceptance by residents, particularly among the older generations, is not universal. The term is also applied to the Sunderland dialect, which shares similarities with the other North East England dialects. Provided by Wikipedia
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101by Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Cossa, Daniel, Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Sarthou, Géraldine, Loeff, Michiel, Rutgers V. D., Sunderland, E. M., Sonke, Jeroen E.Get access
Published 2016
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102by Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Cossa, Daniel, Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Sarthou, Géraldine, Loeff, Michiel, Rutgers V. D., Sunderland, E. M., Sonke, Jeroen E.Get access
Published 2016
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103by Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Cossa, Daniel, Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Sarthou, Géraldine, Loeff, Michiel, Rutgers V. D., Sunderland, E. M., Sonke, Jeroen E.Get access
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104by Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Cossa, Daniel, Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Sarthou, Géraldine, Loeff, Michiel, Rutgers V. D., Sunderland, E. M., Sonke, Jeroen E.Get access
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105by Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Cossa, Daniel, Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Sarthou, Géraldine, Loeff, Michiel, Rutgers V. D., Sunderland, E. M., Sonke, Jeroen E.Get access
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106by Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Cossa, Daniel, Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Sarthou, Géraldine, Loeff, Michiel, Rutgers V. D., Sunderland, E. M., Sonke, Jeroen E.Get access
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107by Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Cossa, Daniel, Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Sarthou, Géraldine, Loeff, Michiel, Rutgers V. D., Sunderland, E. M., Sonke, Jeroen E.Get access
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108by Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Cossa, Daniel, Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Sarthou, Géraldine, Loeff, Michiel, Rutgers V. D., Sunderland, E. M., Sonke, Jeroen E.Get access
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109by Soerensen, Anne, Jacob, Daniel, Schartup, Amina, Fisher, Jenny, Lehnherr, Igor, St. Louis, Vincent, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Krabbenhoft, David, Sunderland, ElsieGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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110by Soerensen, Anne, Jacob, Daniel, Schartup, Amina, Fisher, Jenny, Lehnherr, Igor, St. Louis, Vincent, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Krabbenhoft, David, Sunderland, ElsieGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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111by Soerensen, Anne, Jacob, Daniel, Schartup, Amina, Fisher, Jenny, Lehnherr, Igor, St. Louis, Vincent, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Krabbenhoft, David, Sunderland, ElsieGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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112by Soerensen, Anne, Jacob, Daniel, Schartup, Amina, Fisher, Jenny, Lehnherr, Igor, St. Louis, Vincent, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Krabbenhoft, David, Sunderland, ElsieGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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113by Soerensen, Anne, Jacob, Daniel, Schartup, Amina, Fisher, Jenny, Lehnherr, Igor, St. Louis, Vincent, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Krabbenhoft, David, Sunderland, ElsieGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2016)
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114by Dwyer, A.R., Mouchemore, K.A., Steer, J.H., Sunderland, A.J., Sampaio, N.G., Greenland, E.L., Joyce, D.A., Pixley, F.J.Get access
Published in Journal of Leukocyte Biology (2016)
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115by Fisher, Jenny A, Jacob, Daniel J, Soerensen, Anne L, Amos, Helen M, Corbitt, Elizabeth S, Streets, David G, Wang, Qiaoqiao, Yantosca, Robert M, Sunderland, Elsie MGet access
Published 2013
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116An Improved Global Model for Air-Sea Exchange of Mercury:High Concentrations over the North Atlanticby Sørensen, Anne Lærke, Sunderland, Elsie M., Holmes, Christopher, Jacob, Daniel J., Yantosca, Robert M., Skov, Henrik, Christensen, Jesper Heile, Strode, Sarah A., Mason, Robert B.Get access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2010)
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118by Amos, Helen Marie, Jacob, Daniel James, Kocman, David, Horowitz, Hannah Marie, Zhang, Yanxu, Dutkiewicz, Stephanie, Horvat, Milena, Corbitt, Elizabeth Sturges, Krabbenhoft, David P., Sunderland, Elynor MGet access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2014)
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120by Soerensen, Anne Laerke, Sunderland, Elynor M, Holmes, Christopher D., Jacob, Daniel James, Yantosca, Robert M., Skov, Henrik, Christensen, Jesper H., Strode, Sarah A., Mason, Robert P.Get access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2010)
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