Sunderland
![The areas that are now Sunderland were once part of the Brythonic [[Hen Ogledd](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg)
The centre of the modern city is an amalgamation of three settlements founded in the Anglo-Saxon era: Monkwearmouth, on the north bank of the Wear, and Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth on the south bank. Monkwearmouth contains St Peter's Church, which was founded in 674 and formed part of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, a significant centre of learning in the seventh and eighth centuries. Sunderland was a fishing settlement and later a port, being granted a town charter in 1179. The city traded in coal and salt, also developing shipbuilding industry in the fourteenth century and glassmaking industry in the seventeenth century. Following the decline of its traditional industries in the late 20th century, the area became an automotive building centre. In 1992, the borough of Sunderland was granted city status. Sunderland is historically part of County Durham, being incorporated to the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.
Locals are sometimes known as Mackems, a term which came into common use in the 1970s. Its use and acceptance by residents, particularly among the older generations, is not universal. The term is also applied to the Sunderland dialect, which shares similarities with the other North East England dialects. Provided by Wikipedia
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61by Fisher, Jenny A, Jacob, Daniel J, Soerensen, Anne L, Amos, Helen M, Steffen, Alexandra, Sunderland, Elsie MGet access
Published 2012
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62by Fisher, Jenny A., Jacob, Daniel J., Soerensen, Anne L., Amos, Helen M., Steffen, Alexandra, Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Nature Geoscience (2012)
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63by Streets, David G., Devane, Molly K., Lu, Zifeng, Bond, Tami C., Sunderland, Elsie M., Jacob, Daniel JamesGet access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2011)
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64by Eryasa, Berrak, Grandjean, Philippe, Nielsen, Flemming, Valvi, Damaskini, Zmirou-Navier, Denis, Sunderland, Elsie, Weihe, Pal, Oulhote, YoussefGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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65by Eryasa, Berrak, Grandjean, Philippe, Nielsen, Flemming, Valvi, Damaskini, Zmirou-Navier, Denis, Sunderland, Elsie, Weihe, Pal, Oulhote, YoussefGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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66by Eryasa, Berrak, Grandjean, Philippe, Nielsen, Flemming, Valvi, Damaskini, Zmirou-Navier, Denis, Sunderland, Elsie, Weihe, Pal, Oulhote, YoussefGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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67by Eryasa, Berrak, Grandjean, Philippe, Nielsen, Flemming, Valvi, Damaskini, Zmirou-Navier, Denis, Sunderland, Elsie, Weihe, Pal, Oulhote, YoussefGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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68by Eryasa, Berrak, Grandjean, Philippe, Nielsen, Flemming, Valvi, Damaskini, Zmirou-Navier, Denis, Sunderland, Elsie, Weihe, Pal, Oulhote, YoussefGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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69by Eryasa, Berrak, Grandjean, Philippe, Nielsen, Flemming, Valvi, Damaskini, Zmirou-Navier, Denis, Sunderland, Elsie, Weihe, Pal, Oulhote, YoussefGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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70by Xindi Hu, Dassuncao, Clifton, Xianming Zhang, Grandjean, Philippe, Pรกl Weihe, Webster, Glenys, Nielsen, Flemming, Sunderland, ElsieGet access
Published 2018
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71by Xindi Hu, Dassuncao, Clifton, Xianming Zhang, Grandjean, Philippe, Pรกl Weihe, Webster, Glenys, Nielsen, Flemming, Sunderland, ElsieGet access
Published 2018
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73by Schaefer, Kevin, Elshorbany, Yasin, Jafarov, Elchin, Schuster, Paul F., Striegl, Robert G., Wickland, Kimberly P., Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Nature Communications (2020)
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77by Kevin Schaefer, Yasin Elshorbany, Elchin Jafarov, Paul F. Schuster, Robert G. Striegl, Kimberly P. Wickland, Elsie M. SunderlandGet access
Published in Nature Communications (2020)
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