Sunderland
![The areas that are now Sunderland were once part of the Brythonic [[Hen Ogledd](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg)
The centre of the modern city is an amalgamation of three settlements founded in the Anglo-Saxon era: Monkwearmouth, on the north bank of the Wear, and Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth on the south bank. Monkwearmouth contains St Peter's Church, which was founded in 674 and formed part of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, a significant centre of learning in the seventh and eighth centuries. Sunderland was a fishing settlement and later a port, being granted a town charter in 1179. The city traded in coal and salt, also developing shipbuilding industry in the fourteenth century and glassmaking industry in the seventeenth century. Following the decline of its traditional industries in the late 20th century, the area became an automotive building centre. In 1992, the borough of Sunderland was granted city status. Sunderland is historically part of County Durham, being incorporated to the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.
Locals are sometimes known as Mackems, a term which came into common use in the 1970s. Its use and acceptance by residents, particularly among the older generations, is not universal. The term is also applied to the Sunderland dialect, which shares similarities with the other North East England dialects. Provided by Wikipedia
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41by Sarikaya, M., Fong, H., Sunderland, N., Flinn, B. D., Mayer, G., Mescher, A., Gaino, E.Get access
Published in Journal of Materials Research (2001)
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42by Obrist, Daniel, Kirk, Jane L., Zhang, Lei, Sunderland, Elsie M., Jiskra, Martin, Selin, Noelle E.Get access
Published in Ambio (2018)
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43by Dassuncao, Clifton, Schartup, Amina, Pike-Thackray, Colin, Qureshi, Asif, Gillespie, Kyle, Hanke, Alex, Sunderland, ElynorGet access
Published in Nature (2019)
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45by Sunderland, Naomi, Bartleet, Brydie-Leigh, Woodland, Sarah, O'Sullivan, Sandy, Apps, Kristy L, Gregory, RobinGet access
Published in Rural and Remote Health (2024)
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46by Yeung, Leo W.Y., Dassuncao, Clifton, Mabury, Scott, Sunderland, Elsie M., Zhang, Xianming, Lohmann, RainerGet access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2017)
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47by Dassuncao, Clifton, Hu, Xindi C., Zhang, Xianming, Bossi, Rossana, Dam, Maria, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2017)
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48by Soerensen, A, Jacob, D, Streets, D, Witt, M, Ebinghaus, R, Mason, R, Andersson, M, Sunderland, EGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2016)
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49by Dassuncao, Clifton, Hu, Xindi C., Zhang, Xianming, Bossi, Rossana, Dam, Maria, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2017)
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50by Zhang, Yanxu, Jacob, Daniel James, Dutkiewicz, Stephanie, Amos, Helen Marie, Long, Michael Smither, Sunderland, Elynor MGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2015)
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51by Joerss, Hanna, Xie, Zhiyong, Wagner, Charlotte C., von Appen, Wilken-Jon, Sunderland, Elsie M., Ebinghaus, RalfGet access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2020)
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52by Soerensen, A., Jacob, D., Streets, D., Witt, M., Ebinghaus, R., Mason, R., Andersson, M., Sunderland, E.Get access
Published in E3S Web of Conferences (2013)
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53by Calder, Ryan S. D., Schartup, Amina T., Li, Miling, Valberg, Amelia P., Balcom, Prentiss H., Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2016)
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54by Dassuncao, Clifton, Hu, Xindi C., Zhang, Xianming, Bossi, Rossana, Dam, Maria, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2017)
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55by Joerss, Hanna, Xie, Zhiyong, Wagner, Charlotte C., von Appen, Wilken-Jon, Sunderland, Elsie M., Ebinghaus, RalfGet access
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2020)
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56by Eryasa, Berrak, Grandjean, Philippe, Nielsen, Flemming, Valvi, Damaskini, Zmirou-Navier, Denis, Sunderland, Elsie, Weihe, Pal, Oulhote, YoussefGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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57by Eryasa, Berrak, Grandjean, Philippe, Nielsen, Flemming, Valvi, Damaskini, Zmirou-Navier, Denis, Sunderland, Elsie, Weihe, Pal, Oulhote, YoussefGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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58by Berrak Eryasa, Philippe Grandjean, Flemming Nielsen, Damaskini Valvi, Denis Zmirou-Navier, Elsie Sunderland, Pal Weihe, Youssef OulhoteGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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59by Berrak Eryasa, Philippe Grandjean, Flemming Nielsen, Damaskini Valvi, Denis Zmirou-Navier, Elsie Sunderland, Pal Weihe, Youssef OulhoteGet access
Published in Environment International (2019)
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60by Fisher, Jenny Allison, Jacob, Daniel J., Soerensen, Anne Laerke, Amos, Helen Marie, Steffen, Alexandra, Sunderland, Elsie M.Get access
Published in Nature Geoscience (2012)
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