Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1961by Buttigieg, Pier Luigi, Christoffersen, Shannon, Ingram, Rebekah, Manley, William, Godøy, Øystein, Verhey, Chantelle, Duerr, Ruth, Jones, Matthew B., Pulsifer, Peter, Stone, Adam, ten Hoopen, Petra, Gaylord, Allison, Canino, Adrienne, Singh Khalsa, SiriJodha, Schildhauer, MarkGet access
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1962by Buttigieg, Pier Luigi, Christoffersen, Shannon, Ingram, Rebekah, Manley, William, Godøy, Øystein, Verhey, Chantelle, Duerr, Ruth, Jones, Matthew B., Pulsifer, Peter, Stone, Adam, ten Hoopen, Petra, Gaylord, Allison, Canino, Adrienne, Singh Khalsa, SiriJodha, Schildhauer, MarkGet access
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1963by Koenig, S. J., Dolan, A. M., De Boer, B., Stone, E. J., Hill, D. J., Deconto, R. M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D. J., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., Van De Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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1964by Petoukhov, V, Claussen, M., Berger, André, Crucifix, Michel, Eby, M., Eliseev, AV, Fichefet, Thierry, Ganopolski, A, Goosse, Hugues, Kamenkovich, I, Mokhov, II, Montoya, M, Mysak, LA, Sokolov, A., Stone, P, Wang, Z, Weaver, AJGet access
Published in Climate Dynamics (2005)
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1965by Petoukhov, V, Claussen, M., Berger, André, Crucifix, Michel, Eby, M., Eliseev, AV, Fichefet, Thierry, Ganopolski, A, Goosse, Hugues, Kamenkovich, I, Mokhov, II, Montoya, M, Mysak, LA, Sokolov, A., Stone, P, Wang, Z, Weaver, AJGet access
Published in Climate Dynamics (2005)
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1966by Koenig, S. J., Dolan, A. M., De Boer, B., Stone, E. J., Hill, D. J., Deconto, R. M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D. J., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., Van De Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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1967by Gillett, Zoe E., Arblaster, Julie M., Dittus, Andrea J., Deushi, Makoto, Jöckel, Patrick, Kinnison, Douglas E., Morgenstern, Olaf, Plummer, David A., Revell, Laura E., Rozanov, Eugene, Schofield, Robyn, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane A., Tilmes, SimoneGet access
Published in Journal of Climate (2019)
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1968by Gillett, Zoe E., Arblaster, Julie M., Dittus, Andrea J., Deushi, Makoto, Jöckel, Patrick, Kinnison, Douglas E., Morgenstern, Olaf, Plummer, David A., Revell, Laura E., Rozanov, Eugene, Schofield, Robyn, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane A., Tilmes, SimoneGet access
Published in Journal of Climate (2019)
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1969by Koenig, S. J., Dolan, A. M., de Boer, B., Stone, E. J., Hill, D. J., DeConto, R. M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D. J., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., van de Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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1970by Koenig, S. J., Dolan, A. M., de Boer, B., Stone, E. J., Hill, D. J., DeConto, R. M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D. J., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., van de Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2018)
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1971by Koenig, S. J., Dolan, A. M., de Boer, B., Stone, E. J., Hill, D. J., DeConto, R. M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D. J., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., van de Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2018)
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1972by S. J. Koenig, A. M. Dolan, B. de Boer, E. J. Stone, D. J. Hill, R. M. DeConto, A. Abe-Ouchi, D. J. Lunt, D. Pollard, A. Quiquet, F. Saito, J. Savage, R. van de WalGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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1973by S. J. Koenig, A. M. Dolan, B. de Boer, E. J. Stone, D. J. Hill, R. M. DeConto, A. Abe-Ouchi, D. J. Lunt, D. Pollard, A. Quiquet, F. Saito, J. Savage, R. van de WalGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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1974by Melo, Marcelo C. R., Bernardi, Rafael C., Rudack, Till, Scheurer, Maximilian, Riplinger, Christoph, Phillips, James C., Maia, Julio D. C., Rocha, Gerd B., Ribeiro, João V., Stone, John E., Neese, Frank, Schulten, Klaus, Luthey-Schulten, ZaidaGet access
Published in Nature Methods (2018)
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1975by Brovkin, Victor, Bruecher, Tim, Kleinen, Thomas, Zaehle, Sonke, Joos, Fortunat, Roth, Raphael, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Fischer, Hubertus, Leuenberger, Markus, Stone, Emma J., Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jerome, Kehrwald, Natalie, Barbante, Carlo, Blunier, Thomas, Jensen, Dorthe DahlGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2022)
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1976by Roth, Raphael, Zaehle, Sönke, Blunier, Thomas, Dahl Jensen, Dorthe, Barbante, Carlo, Fischer, Hubertus, Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jérôme, Brovkin, Victor, Joos, Fortunat, Brücher, Tim, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Stone, Emma J., Kleinen, Thomas, Leuenberger, Markus, Kehrwald, NatalieGet access
Published 2016
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1977by Brovkin, Victor, Brücher, Tim, Kleinen, Thomas, Zaehle, Sönke, Joos, Fortunat, Roth, Raphael, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Fischer, Hubertus, Leuenberger, Markus, Stone, Emma J., Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jerome, Kehrwald, Natalie, Barbante, Carlo, Blunier, Thomas, Dahl Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
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1978by Lisette Meerstein-Kessel, Chiara Andolina, Elvira Carrio, Almahamoudou Mahamar, Patrick Sawa, Halimatou Diawara, Marga van de Vegte-Bolmer, Will Stone, Katharine A. Collins, Petra Schneider, Alassane Dicko, Chris Drakeley, Ingrid Felger, Till Voss, Kjerstin Lanke, Teun BousemaGet access
Published in Malaria Journal (2018)
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1979by Brovkin, Victor, Brücher, Tim, Kleinen, Thomas, Zaehle, Sönke, Joos, Fortunat, Roth, Raphael, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Fischer, Hubertus, Leuenberger, Markus, Stone, Emma J, Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jérôme, Kehrwald, Natalie, Barbante, Carlo, Blunier, Thomas, Jensen, Dorthe DahlGet access
Published 2016
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1980by Brovkin, Victor, Brücher, Tim, Kleinen, Thomas, Zaehle, Sönke, Joos, Fortunat, Roth, Raphael, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Fischer, Hubertus, Leuenberger, Markus, Stone, Emma J., Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jérôme, Kehrwald, Natalie, Barbante, Carlo, Blunier, Thomas, Dahl Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
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