Rock (geology)
![The [[Grand Canyon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Marsh_Butte_and_Geikie_Peak%2C_Grand_Canyon.jpg)
In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
-
1941by Brovkin, Victor, Brücher, Tim, Kleinen, Thomas, Zaehle, Sönke, Joos, Fortunat, Roth, Raphaël, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Fischer, Hubertus, Leuenberger, Markus, Stone, Emma J., Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jerome, Kehrwald, Natalie, Blunier, Thomas, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1942by Brovkin, Victor, Brücher, Tim, Kleinen, Thomas, Zaehle, Sönke, Joos, Fortunat, Roth, Raphaël, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Fischer, Hubertus, Leuenberger, Markus, Stone, Emma J., Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jerome, Kehrwald, Natalie, Blunier, Thomas, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1943by Hoffmann, Anne, Osterloh, Lukas, Stone, Robert, Lampert, Astrid, Ritter, Christoph, Stock, Maria, Tunved, Peter, Hennig, Tabea, Böckmann, Christine, Li, Shao-Meng, Eleftheriadis, Kostas, Maturilli, Marion (Dr.), Orgis, Thomas, Herber, Andreas, Neuber, Roland, Dethloff, KlausGet access
Published in Atmospheric Environment (2012)
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1944by Astrid Lampert, Marion Maturilli, Christoph Ritter, Anne Hoffmann, Maria Stock, Andreas Herber, Gerit Birnbaum, Roland Neuber, Klaus Dethloff, Thomas Orgis, Robert Stone, Ralf Brauner, Johannes Kässbohrer, Christian Haas, Alexander Makshtas, Vladimir Sokolov, Peter LiuGet access
Published in Atmosphere (2012)
Text -
1945by Klekociuk, A.R., Tully, M.B., Krummel, P.B., Gies, H.P., Alexander, S.P., Fraser, P.J., Henderson, S.I., Javorniczky, J., Petelina, S.V., Shanklin, J.D., Schofield, R., Stone, K.A.Get access
Published 2014
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1946by Brovkin, Victor, Brücher, Tim, Kleinen, Thomas, Zaehle, Sönke, Joos, Fortunat, Roth, Raphaël, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Fischer, Hubertus, Leuenberger, Markus, Stone, Emma J., Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jerome, Kehrwald, Natalie, Blunier, Thomas, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1947by Brovkin, Victor, Brücher, Tim, Kleinen, Thomas, Zaehle, Sönke, Joos, Fortunat, Roth, Raphaël, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Fischer, Hubertus, Leuenberger, Markus, Stone, Emma J., Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jerome, Kehrwald, Natalie, Blunier, Thomas, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1948by Brovkin, Victor, Brücher, Tim, Kleinen, Thomas, Zaehle, Sönke, Joos, Fortunat, Roth, Raphaël, Spahni, Renato, Schmitt, Jochen, Fischer, Hubertus, Leuenberger, Markus, Stone, Emma J., Ridgwell, Andy, Chappellaz, Jerome, Kehrwald, Natalie, Blunier, Thomas, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1949
-
1950by David Mann, Mandy Hill-Cook, Charles Manire, Danielle Greenhow, Eric Montie, Jessica Powell, Randall Wells, Gordon Bauer, Petra Cunningham-Smith, Robert Lingenfelser, Robert DiGiovanni, Abigale Stone, Micah Brodsky, Robert Stevens, George Kieffer, Paul HoetjesGet access
Published in PLoS ONE (2010)
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1951by Mann, David, Hill-Cook, Mandy, Manire, Charles, Greenhow, Danielle, Montie, Eric, Powell, Jessica, Wells, Randall, Bauer, Gordon, Cunningham-Smith, Petra, Lingenfelser, Robert, DiGiovanni, Robert, Stone, Abigale, Brodsky, Micah, Stevens, Robert, Kieffer, George, Hoetjes, PaulGet access
Published in PLoS ONE (2010)
Get access
Get access
Text -
1952by Polvani, L.M., Wang, L., Abalos, M., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M.P., Dameris, M., Deushi, M., Dhomse, S.S., Jöckel, P., Kinnison, D., Michou, M., Morgenstern, O., Oman, L.D., Plummer, D.A., Stone, K.A.Get access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
Get access
Get access
Text -
1953by Gillett, Zoe E., Arblaster, Julie M., Dittus, Andrea J., Deushi, Makoto, Jöckel, Patrick, Kinnison, Douglas E., Morgenstern, Olaf, Plummer, David A., Revell, Laura E., Rozanov, Eugene, Schofield, Robyn, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane A., Tilmes, SimoneGet access
Published in Journal of Climate (2019)
Get access
Get access
Other Non-Article Part of Journal/Newspaper -
1954by Bakker, P, Masson-Delmotte, V, Martrat, B, Charbit, S, Renssen, H, Groger, M, Krebs-Kanzow, U, Lohman, G, Lunt, DJ, Pfeiffer, M, Phipps, SJ, Prange, M, Ritz, SP, Schultz, M, Stenni, B, Stone, EJ, Varma, VGet access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2014)
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1955by Zoe E. Gillett, Julie M. Arblaster, Andrea J. Dittus, Makato Deushi, Jöckel, Patrick, Douglas E. Kinnison, Olaf Morgenstern, David A. Plummer, Laura E. Revell, Eugene Rozanov, Robyn Schofield, Andrea Stenke, Kane A. Stone, Simone TilmesGet access
Published 2019
Get access
Other Non-Article Part of Journal/Newspaper -
1956by Gillett, Zoe E., Arblaster, Julie M., Dittus, Andrea J., Deushi, Makoto, Jöckel, Patrick, Kinnison, Douglas E., Morgenstern, Olaf, Plummer, David A., Revell, Laura E., Rozanov, Eugene, Schofield, Robyn, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane A., Tilmes, SimoneGet access
Published in Journal of Climate (2023)
Get access
Get access
-
1957by Gillett, Zoe E., Arblaster, Julie M., Dittus, Andrea J., Deushi, Makoto, Jöckel, Patrick, Kinnison, Douglas E., Morgenstern, Olaf, Plummer, David A., Revell, Laura E., Rozanov, Eugene, Schofield, Robyn, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane A., Tilmes, SimoneGet access
Published in Journal of Climate (2021)
Get access
Get access
-
1958by Koenig, S. J., Dolan, A. M., De Boer, B., Stone, E. J., Hill, D. J., Deconto, R. M., Abe-ouchi, A., Lunt, D. J., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., Van De Wal, R.Get access
Published 2014
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1959by Koenig, S. J., Dolan, A. M., De Boer, B., Stone, E. J., Hill, D. J., Deconto, R. M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D. J., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., Van De Wal, R.Get access
Published 2015
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
1960by Mann, David, Hill-Cook, Mandy, Manire, Charles, Greenhow, Danielle, Montie, Eric, Powell, Jessica, Wells, Randall, Bauer, Gordon, Cunningham-Smith, Petra, Lingenfelser, Robert, DiGiovanni, Robert, Stone, Abigale, Brodsky, Micah, Stevens, Robert, Kieffer, George, Hoetjes, PaulGet access
Published 2010
Get access
Get access
Text