Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1901by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M., Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph C., Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Vinther, Bo, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1902by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M., Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph C., Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Vinther, Bo, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2018)
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1903by Anderson, John B., Conway, Howard, Bart, Philip J., Witus, Alexandra E., Greenwood, Sarah L., McKay, Robert M., Hall, Brenda L., Ackert, Robert P., Licht, Kathy, Jakobsson, Martin, Stone, John O.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2014)
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1904
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1905by Mars Stone, Sonia Bakkour, Eduard Grebe, Devy M Emperador, Camille Escadafal, Xutao Deng, Honey Dave, Cassandra Kelly-Cirino, Eve Lackritz, Diana P Rojas, Graham Simmons, Ingrid B Rabe, Michael P BuschGet access
Published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2023)
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1906by Brovkin, V., Brücher, T., Kleinen, T., Zaehle, S., Joos, F., Roth, R., Spahni, R., Schmitt, J., Fischer, H., Leuenberger, M., Stone, E., Ridgwell, A., Chappellaz, J., Kehrwald, N., Barbante, C., Blunier, T., Dahl Jensen, D.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
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1907by Klekociuk, Andrew R., Krummel, Paul B., Tully, Matthew B., Gies, H. Peter, Alexander, Simon P., Fraser, Paul J., Henderson, Stuart I., Javorniczky, John, Shanklin, Jonathon D., Schofield, Robyn, Stone, Kane A.Get access
Published 2015
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1908by Stone, KA, Solomon, S, Kinnison, DE, Pitts, MC, Poole, LR, Mills, MJ, Schmidt, A, Neely, RR, Ivy, D, Schwartz, MJ, Vernier, JP, Johnson, BJ, Tully, MB, Klekociuk, AR, König-Langlo, G, Hagiya, SGet access
Published 2017
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1909by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M., Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph C., Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Vinther, Bo, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1910by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M, Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph C., Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Vinther, Bo, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1911by Stone, KA, Solomon, S, Kinnison, DE, Pitts, MC, Poole, LR, Mills, MJ, Schmidt, A, Neely, RR, Ivy, D, Schwartz, MJ, Vernier, JP, Johnson, BJ, Tully, MB, Klekociuk, AR, König-Langlo, G, Hagiya, SGet access
Published 2017
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1912by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M., Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph C., Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Vinther, Bo, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1913by Anderson, John B., Conway, Howard, Bart, Philip J., Witus, Alexandra E., Greenwood, Sarah L., McKay, Robert M., Hall, Brenda L., Ackert, Robert P., Licht, Kathy, Jakobsson, Martin, Stone, John O.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2014)
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1914by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M., Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph C., Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Vinther, Bo, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
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1915by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M., Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph C., Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Vinther, Bo, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1916by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M., Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph C., Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Vinther, Bo, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1917by Yang, Huang, Waugh, Darryn W., Orbe, Clara, Zeng, Guang, Morgenstern, Olaf, Kinnison, Douglas E., Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Tilmes, Simone, Plummer, David A., Jöckel, Patrick, Strahan, Susan E., Stone, Kane A., Schofield, RobynGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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1918by Plummer, David A., Yang, Huang, Kinnison, Douglas E., Stone, Kane A., Morgenstern, Olaf, Jöckel, Patrick, Zeng, Guang, Schofield, Robyn, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Waugh, Darryn W., Orbe, Clara, Strahan, Susan E., Tilmes, SimoneGet access
Published 2019
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1919by Yang, Huang, Waugh, Darryn W., Orbe, Clara, Zeng, Guang, Morgenstern, Olaf, Kinnison, Douglas E., Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Tilmes, Simone, Plummer, David A., Jöckel, Patrick, Strahan, Susan E., Stone, Kane A., Schofield, RobynGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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1920by The British Broadcasting Corporation, Greaves, Keith Stone (correspondent), Ramphal, Shridath (interviewee), Richards, Ken (correspondent), Anthony, Kenny (interviewee), Richardson, Wakefield (correspondent), Clarke, Oscar (interviewee), Luncheon, Roger (interviewee), Thomas, Bert (interviewee), Andrew Thomas, Kimberly (correspondent)Get access
Published 1999
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