Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1861by Krummel, Paul B., Klekociuk, Andrew R., Tully, Matthew B., Gies, H. Peter, Alexander, Simon P., Fraser, Paul J., Henderson, Stuart I., Schofield, Robyn, Shanklin, Jonathan D., Stone, Kane A.Get access
Published in Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science (2020)
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1862by Tully, Matthew B., Klekociuk, Andrew R., Krummel, Paul B., Gies, H. Peter, Alexander, Simon P., Fraser, Paul J., Henderson, Stuart I., Schofield, Robyn, Shanklin, Jonathan D., Stone, Kane A.Get access
Published in Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science (2020)
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1863by van der Linde, Krista, Visser, Ingrid N., Bout, Rick, Krause, Douglas J., Forcada, Jaume, Siniff, Donald, Stone, Sheridan, Fyfe, Jim, Fernández-Ferrada, Nicolás, Macallan, Kathryne, Savenko, Oksana, Cooper, Tracy E.Get access
Published in Polar Biology (2022)
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1864by Zhang, Lily N., Solomon, Susan, Stone, Kane A., Shanklin, Jonathan D., Eveson, Joshua D., Colwell, Steve, Burrows, John P., Weber, Mark, Levelt, Pieternel F., Kramarova, Natalya A., Haffner, David P.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2021)
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1865by Polvani, LM, Wang, L, Abalos, M, Butchart, N, Chipperfield, MP, Dameris, M, Deushi, M, Dhomse, SS, Joeckel, P, Kinnison, D, Michou, M, Morgenstern, O, Oman, LD, Plummer, DA, Stone, KAGet access
Published 2019
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1866by H. Yang, D. W. Waugh, C. Orbe, G. Zeng, O. Morgenstern, D. E. Kinnison, J.-F. Lamarque, S. Tilmes, D. A. Plummer, P. Jöckel, S. E. Strahan, K. A. Stone, R. SchofieldGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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1867by Tomasi, C., Lupi, A., Mazzola, M., Stone, R. S., Dutton, E. G., Herber, Andreas, Radionov, V., Holben, B. N., Sorokin, M., Sakerin, S. M., Twerpugova, S. A., Lanvonelli, C., Petkov, B., Vitale, V.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Environment (2012)
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1868
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1869by Khon, S., Prange, M., Schulz, M., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Charbit, S., Stone, E. J., Lunt, D. J., Ritz, Stefan P., Gröger, M., Mikolajewicz, U., Varmar, V., Bakker, P., Schneider, B., Renssen, H.Get access
Published 2013
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1870by P. Bakker, E. J. Stone, S. Charbit, M. Gröger, U. Krebs-Kanzow, S. P. Ritz, V. Varma, V. Khon, D. J. Lunt, U. Mikolajewicz, M. Prange, H. Renssen, B. Schneider, M. SchulzGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2013)
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1871by P. Bakker, E. J. Stone, S. Charbit, M. Gröger, U. Krebs-Kanzow, S. P. Ritz, V. Varma, V. Khon, D. J. Lunt, U. Mikolajewicz, M. Prange, H. Renssen, B. Schneider, M. SchulzGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2013)
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1872by Bakker, P., Stone, E. J., Charbit, S., Gröger, M., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Ritz, S. P., Varma, V., Khon, V., Lunt, D. J., Mikolajewicz, U., Prange, M., Renssen, H., Schneider, B., Schulz, M.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2018)
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1873by Bakker, P., Stone, E. J., Charbit, S., Gröger, M., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Ritz, S. P., Varma, V., Khon, V., Lunt, D. J., Mikolajewicz, U., Prange, M., Renssen, H., Schneider, B., Schulz, M.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2018)
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1874by The British Broadcasting Corporation, Ransome, Debbie (correspondent), O'Connell, Paddy (correspondent), Singh, Rickey (interviewee), Brown, Gordon (interviewee), Richardson, Wakefield (correspondent), Hernandez, Jose Juan (interviewee), Greaves, Keith Stone (correspondent), Gifford, Adam (interviewee)Get access
Published 1999
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1875by The British Broadcasting Corporation, Greaves, Keith Stone (anchor, correspondent), Carrington, Selwyn (interviewee), Singh, Rickey (interviewee), Lake, Bernice (interviewee), Lynch, Edgar (interviewee), O'Brien, Michael (correspondent), Robinson, Julien (interviewee), Fitzwilliam, Wendy (interviewee)Get access
Published 1999
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1876by Landais, Amaelle, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Capron, Emilie, Langebroek, Petra M., Bakker, Pepijn, Stone, Emma J., Merz, Niklaus, Raible, Christoph, Fischer, Hubertus, Orsi, Anaïs, Prié, Frédéric, Vinther, Bo, Dahl-Jensen, DortheGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1877by Bakker, P., Stone, E. J., Charbit, S., Gröger, M., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Ritz, Stefan P., Varmar, V., Khon, S., Lunt, D. J., Mikolajewicz, U., Prange, M., Renssen, H., Schneider, B., Schulz, M.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2013)
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1878by Brovkin, V., Brücher, T., Kleinen, T., Zaehle, S., Joos, F., Roth, R., Spahni, R., Schmitt, J., Fischer, H., Leuenberger, M., Stone, E., Ridgwell, A., Chappellaz, J., Kehrwald, N., Barbante, C., Blunier, T., Jensen, D.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2016)
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1879by Wilkinson, Brendan, School of Science and Technology, orcid:0000-0003-1866-6540, Stone, Robin S, Capicciotti, Chantelle J, Thaysen-Andersen, Morten, Matthews, Jacqueline M, Packer, Nicolle H, Ben, Robert N, Payne, Richard JGet access
Published 2012
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1880by Bangs, Ed, Jimenez, Mike, Niemeyer, Carter, Fontaine, Joe, Collinge, Mark, Krsichke, Rod, Handegard, Larry, Shivik, John A., Sime, Carolyn, Nadeau, Steve, Mack, Curt, Smith, Douglas W., Asher, Val, Stone, SuzanneGet access
Published in Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference (2006)
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