Rock (geology)
Rocks (disambiguation)|and|Stone (disambiguation)|and|Stones (disambiguation)}}In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1841
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1842by Lunt, D J, Elderfield, H, Pancost, R. D, Ridgwell, A J, Foster, G L, Haywood, A, Kiehl, J, Sagoo, N, Shields, C, Stone, Emma J, Valdes, P JGet access
Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2013)
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1843by Cirtwill, Alyssa R., Kaartinen, Riikka, Rasmussen, Claus, Redr, Deanne, Wirta, Helena, Olesen, Jens M., Tiusanen, Mikko, Ballantyne, Gavin, Cunnold, Helen, Stone, Graham N., Schmidt, Niels Martin, Roslin, TomasGet access
Published in Ecological Monographs (2023)
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1844by Cirtwill, Alyssa R., Kaartinen, Riikka, Rasmussen, Claus, Redr, Deanne, Wirta, Helena, Olesen, Jens M., Tiusanen, Mikko, Ballantyne, Gavin, Cunnold, Helen, Stone, Graham N., Schmidt, Niels Martin, Roslin, TomasGet access
Published in Ecological Monographs (2023)
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1845by Cirtwill, Alyssa R., Kaartinen, Riikka, Rasmussen, Claus, Redr, Deanne, Wirta, Helena, Olesen, Jens M., Tiusanen, Mikko, Ballantyne, Gavin, Cunnold, Helen, Stone, Graham N., Schmidt, Niels Martin, Roslin, TomasGet access
Published in Ecological Monographs (2022)
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1846
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1847by Cirtwill, Alyssa R, Kaartinen, Riikka, Rasmussen, Claus, Redr, Deanne, Wirta, Helena, Olesen, Jens M, Tiusanen, Mikko, Ballantyne, Gavin, Cunnold, Helen, Stone, Graham N, Schmidt, Niels Martin, Roslin, TomasGet access
Published 2022
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1848by Stone, KA, Solomon, S, Kinnison, DE, Pitts, MC, Poole, LR, Mills, MJ, Schmidt, A, Neely III, RR, Ivy, D, Schwartz, MJ, Vernier, J-P, Johnson, BJ, Tully, MB, Klekociuk, ARGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2017)
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1849by Koenig, S., Dolan, A., de Boer, B., Stone, E., Hill, D., Deconto, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., van de Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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1850by Kane A. Stone, Jonathan D. Shanklin, Robyn Schofield, Stuart I. Henderson, Paul J. Fraser, Simon P. Alexander, H. Peter Gies, Matthew B. Tully, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Paul B. KrummelGet access
Published 2019
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1851by Kane A. Stone, Jonathon D. Shanklin, Robyn Schofield, Stuart I. Henderson, Paul J. Fraser, Simon P. Alexander, H. Peter Gies, Paul B. Krummel, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Matthew B. TullyGet access
Published 2019
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1852by Kane A. Stone, Jonathan D. Shanklin, Robyn Schofield, Stuart I. Henderson, Paul J. Fraser, Simon P. Alexander, H. Peter Gies, Matthew B. Tully, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Paul B. KrummelGet access
Published 2019
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1853by King, Andrew D., Borowiak, Alexander R., Brown, Josephine R., Frame, David J., Harrington, Luke J., Min, Seung-Ki, Pendergrass, Angeline, Rugenstein, Maria, Sniderman, J. M. Kale, Stone, Daithi A.Get access
Published in Earth's Future (2021)
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1854by Kane A. Stone, Jonathon D. Shanklin, Robyn Schofield, Stuart I. Henderson, Paul J. Fraser, Simon P. Alexander, H. Peter Gies, Paul B. Krummel, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Matthew B. TullyGet access
Published 2019
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1855by Stone, KA, Solomon, S, Kinnison, DE, Pitts, MC, Poole, LR, Mills, MJ, Schmidt, A, Neely III, RR, Ivy, D, Schwartz, MJ, Vernier, J-P, Johnson, BJ, Tully, MB, Klekociuk, ARGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2017)
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1856by The British Broadcasting Corporation, Greaves, Keith Stone (anchor, correspondent), Fletcher, Pascal (correspondent), Norton, Michael (correspondent), Shillingford, Henry (interviewee), Smith, Lew (correspondent), Greste, Peter (correspondent), Richardson, Wakefield (correspondent), Becca, Tony (interviewee)Get access
Published 1999
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1857by Koenig, S., Dolan, A., de Boer, B., Stone, E., Hill, D., Deconto, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., van de Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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1858by Koenig, S., Dolan, A., de Boer, B., Stone, E., Hill, D., Deconto, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., van de Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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1859by Koenig, S., Dolan, A., de Boer, B., Stone, E., Hill, D., Deconto, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., van de Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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1860by Koenig, S., Dolan, A., de Boer, B., Stone, E., Hill, D., Deconto, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., Lunt, D., Pollard, D., Quiquet, A., Saito, F., Savage, J., van de Wal, R.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2015)
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