Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1781by Cirtwill, Alyssa, Kaartinen, Riikka, Rasmussen, Claus, Redr, Deanne, Wirta, Helena, Olesen, Jens, Tiusanen, Mikko, Ballantyne, Gavin, Cunnold, Helen, Stone, Graham, Martin Schmidt, Niels, Roslin, TomasGet access
Published in Ecological Monographs (2022)
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1782by Cook, J.A., Bidlack, A.L., Conroy, C.J., Demboski, J.R., Fleming, M.A., Runck, A.M., Stone, K.D., MacDonald, S.O.Get access
Published in Biological Conservation (2001)
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1783by Lola Marqué, Peter Liehl, Jasper De Boer, Hans Pottel, Edward L Murphy, Roberta Bruhn, Mars Stone, Zhanna Kaidarova, Tzong-Hae Lee, Michael Busch, Maan ZreinGet access
Published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2021)
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1784by James S. Miller, Lacey English, Michael Matte, Rapheal Mbusa, Moses Ntaro, Shem Bwambale, Jessica Kenney, Mark J. Siedner, Raquel Reyes, Patrick T. Lee, Edgar Mulogo, Geren S. StoneGet access
Published in Malaria Journal (2018)
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1785by Lola Marqué, Peter Liehl, Jasper De Boer, Hans Pottel, Edward L. Murphy, Roberta Bruhn, Mars Stone, Zhanna Kaidarova, Tzong-Hae Lee, Michael Busch, Maan ZreinGet access
Published 2021
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1786by Pamela Marie Pennington, José Guillermo Juárez, Margarita Rivera Arrivillaga, Sandra María De Urioste-Stone, Katherine Doktor, Joe P Bryan, Clara Yaseli Escobar, Celia Cordón-RosalesGet access
Published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2017)
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1787by Brigham-Grette, J., Melles, M., Glushkova, O., Minyuk, P., Belya, B., Nowaczyk, N. R., Nolan, M., Stone, D., Layer, P., Cherepanova, M. V., Forman, S. F.Get access
Published 1999
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1788by Lunt, D.J., Elderfield, H., Pancost, R., Ridgwell, A., Foster, G.L., Haywood, A., Kiehl, J., Sagoo, N., Shields, C., Stone, E.J., Valdes, P.Get access
Published 2013
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1789by Ryder, David, Stone, David, Minardi, Diana, Riley, Ainsley, Avant, Justin, Cross, Lisa, Soeffker, Marta, Davidson, Deborah, Newman, Andrew, Thomson, Peter, Darby, Chris, van Aerle, RonnyGet access
Published 2024
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1790by Ryder, David, Stone, David, Minardi, Diana, Riley, Ainsley, Avant, Justin, Cross, Lisa, Soeffker, Marta, Davidson, Deborah, Newman, Andrew, Thomson, Peter, Darby, Chris, van Aerle, RonnyGet access
Published 2024
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1791by Lunt, D. J., Elderfield, H., Pancost, R., Ridgwell, A., Foster, G. L., Haywood, A., Kiehl, J., Sagoo, N., Shields, C., Stone, E. J., Valdes, P.Get access
Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2013)
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1792by Dixon, P. F., Avery, S., Chambers, E., Feist, S., Mandhar, H., Parry, Lee, Stone, D. M., Stremmen, H. K., Thurlow, J. K., Lui, C. Tsin-yee, Way, K.Get access
Published in Diseases of Aquatic Organisms (2003)
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1793by B. C. Christner, H. F. Lavender, C. L. Davis, E. E. Oliver, S. U. Neuhaus, K. F. Myers, B. Hagedorn, S. M. Tulaczyk, P. T. Doran, W. C. StoneGet access
Published in The Cryosphere (2018)
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1794by B. C. Christner, H. F. Lavender, C. L. Davis, E. E. Oliver, S. U. Neuhaus, K. F. Myers, B. Hagedorn, S. M. Tulaczyk, P. T. Doran, W. C. StoneGet access
Published in The Cryosphere (2018)
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1795by Capron, Émilie, Govin, Aline, Stone, Emma, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Mulitza, Stefan, Otto-Bliesner, Bette L., Rasmussen, Tine L., Sime, Louise C., Waelbroeck, Claire, Wolff, Eric W.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2014)
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1796by Capron, Émilie, Govin, Aline, Stone, Emma, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Mulitza, Stefan, Otto-Bliesner, Bette L., Rasmussen, Tine L., Sime, Louise C., Waelbroeck, Claire, Wolff, Eric W.Get access
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2014)
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1800by Klekociuk, AR, Tully, MB, Krummel, PB, Gies, HP, Petelina, SV, Alexander, SP, Deschamps, LL, Fraser, PJ, Henderson, SI, Javorniczky, J, Shanklin, JD, Siddaway, JM, Stone, KAGet access
Published in Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal (2014)
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