Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1661by Febretti, Alessandro, Richmond, Kristof, Gulati, Shilpa, Flesher, Christopher, Hogan, Bartholomew P., Johnson, Andrew, Stone, William C., Priscu, John, Doran, PeterGet access
Published 2012
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1662by Zeale, Matt R. K., Bennitt, Emily, Newson, Stuart E., Packman, Charlotte, Browne, William J., Harris, Stephen, Jones, Gareth, Stone, EmmaGet access
Published in PLOS ONE (2016)
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1663by Zeale, Matt R. K., Bennitt, Emily, Newson, Stuart E., Packman, Charlotte, Browne, William J., Harris, Stephen, Jones, Gareth, Stone, EmmaGet access
Published in PLOS ONE (2016)
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1664by Griffiths, Robert I., Thomson, Bruce C., Plassart, Pierre, Gweon, Hyun S., Stone, Dorothy, Creamer, Rachael E., Lemanceau, Philippe, Bailey, Mark J.Get access
Published in Applied Soil Ecology (2016)
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1665by Sullivan, M, Reid, S W J, Ternent, H, Manchester, N J, Roberts, R J, Stone, D A J, Hardy, R WGet access
Published in Journal of Fish Diseases (2007)
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1666by Stone, John O., Balco, Gregory A., Sugden, David E., Caffee, Marc W., Sass, Louis C., Cowdery, Seth G., Siddoway, ChristineGet access
Published in Science (2003)
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1667by Rhian G. Waller, Robert P. Stone, Lauren N. Rice, Julia Johnstone, Ashley M. Rossin, Elise Hartill, Keri Feehan, Cheryl L. MorrisonGet access
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2019)
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1668by Rhian G. Waller, Robert P. Stone, Lauren N. Rice, Julia Johnstone, Ashley M. Rossin, Elise Hartill, Keri Feehan, Cheryl L. MorrisonGet access
Published 2019
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1670by Tomasi, Claudio, Kokhanovsky, Alexander A., Lupi, Angelo, Ritter, Christoph, Smirnov, Alexander, O'Neill, Norman T., Stone, Robert S., Holben, Brent N., Nyeki, StephanGet access
Published in Earth-Science Reviews (2015)
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1671by Hillebrand, Trevor R., Stone, John O., Koutnik, Michelle, King, Courtney, Conway, Howard, Hall, Brenda, Nichols, Keir, Goehring, Brent, Gillespie, Mette K.Get access
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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1672by Wehner, Michael, Stone, Dáithí, Mitchell, Dann, Shiogama, Hideo, Fischer, Erich, Graff, Lise S., Kharin, Viatcheslav V., Lierhammer, Ludwig, Sanderson, Benjamin, Krishnan, HarinarayanGet access
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2018)
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1674by M. Wehner, D. Stone, D. Mitchell, H. Shiogama, E. Fischer, L. S. Graff, V. V. Kharin, L. Lierhammer, B. Sanderson, H. KrishnanGet access
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2018)
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1675by Wehner, Michael, Stone, Dáithí, Mitchell, Dann, Shiogama, Hideo, Fischer, Erich, Graff, Lise S, Kharin, Viatcheslav V, Lierhammer, Ludwig, Sanderson, Benjamin, Krishnan, HarinarayanGet access
Published 2017
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1676by Klekociuk, A., Tully, M., Krummel, P., Gies, H., Alexander, S., Fraser, P., Henderson, S., Javorniczky, J., Petelina, S., Shanklin, J., Schofield, R., Stone, K.Get access
Published in Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal (2014)
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1678by Hillebrand, Trevor R., Stone, John O., Koutnik, Michelle, King, Courtney, Conway, Howard, Hall, Brenda, Nichols, Keir, Goehring, Brent, Gillespie, Mette K.Get access
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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1679by Herber, Andreas, Haas, Christian, Stone, Robert S., Bottenheim, Jan W., Peter, Liu, Li, Shao-Meng, Staebler, Ralf, Strapp, J. Walter, Dethloff, KlausGet access
Published 2012
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