Rock (geology)
Rocks (disambiguation)|and|Stone (disambiguation)|and|Stones (disambiguation)}}In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1621by Stott, Peter A., Gillett, Nathan P., Hegerl, Gabriele C., Karoly, David J., Stone, Dáithí A., Zhang, Xuebin, Zwiers, FrancisGet access
Published in WIREs Climate Change (2010)
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1622by Stott, Peter A., Gillett, Nathan P., Hegerl, Gabriele C., Karoly, David J., Stone, Dáithí A., Zhang, Xuebin, Zwiers, FrancisGet access
Published in WIREs Climate Change (2010)
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1623by TPRA Legrand, SR Catalano, ML Wos-Oxley, F Stephens, M Landos, MS Bansemer, DAJ Stone, JG Qin, Andrew OxleyGet access
Published 2018
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1624by Lai, Ching-Yao, Stevens, Laura A., Chase, Danielle L., Creyts, Timothy T., Behn, Mark D., Das, Sarah B., Stone, Howard A.Get access
Published in Nature Communications (2021)
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1625by Lai, Ching-Yao, Stevens, Laura A., Chase, Danielle L., Creyts, Timothy T., Behn, Mark D., Das, Sarah B., Stone, Howard A.Get access
Published in Nature Communications (2021)
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1626by Ching-Yao Lai, Laura A. Stevens, Danielle L. Chase, Timothy T. Creyts, Mark D. Behn, Sarah B. Das, Howard A. StoneGet access
Published in Nature Communications (2021)
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1627by Matt R K Zeale, Emily Bennitt, Stuart E Newson, Charlotte Packman, William J Browne, Stephen Harris, Gareth Jones, Emma StoneGet access
Published in PLOS ONE (2016)
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1628by Matt R K Zeale, Emily Bennitt, Stuart E Newson, Charlotte Packman, William J Browne, Stephen Harris, Gareth Jones, Emma StoneGet access
Published in PLOS ONE (2016)
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1629by Russo, D., Zeale, M. R. K., Bennitt, E., Newson, S. E., Packman, C., Browne, W. J., Harris, S., Jones, G., Stone, E.Get access
Published in PLOS ONE (2016)
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1630by Tully, MB, Klekociuk, AR, Krummel, PB, Gies, HP, Alexander, SP, Fraser, PJ, Henderson, SI, Schofield, R, Shanklin, JD, Stone, KAGet access
Published in Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science (2020)
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1631by Krummel, PB, Klekociuk, AR, Tully, MB, Gies, HP, Alexander, SP, Fraser, PJ, Henderson, SI, Schofield, R, Shanklin, JD, Stone, KAGet access
Published in Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science (2020)
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1632by Becherini, Francesca, Vitale, Vito, Lupi, Angelo, Stone, Robert S., Salvatori, Rosamaria, Salzano, Roberto, di Carlo, Piero, Viola, Angelo Pietro, Mazzola, MauroGet access
Published in Bulletin of Atmospheric Science and Technology (2021)
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1633by Wehner, M, Stone, D, Mitchell, D, Shiogama, H, Fischer, E, Graff, LS, Kharin, VV, Lierhammer, L, Sanderson, B, Krishnan, HGet access
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2018)
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1634by Wehner, M, Stone, D, Mitchell, D, Shiogama, H, Fischer, E, Graff, LS, Kharin, VV, Lierhammer, L, Sanderson, B, Krishnan, HGet access
Published 2018
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1635by T. R. Hillebrand, J. O. Stone, M. Koutnik, C. King, H. Conway, B. Hall, K. Nichols, B. Goehring, M. K. GillespieGet access
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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1636by T. R. Hillebrand, J. O. Stone, M. Koutnik, C. King, H. Conway, B. Hall, K. Nichols, B. Goehring, M. K. GillespieGet access
Published in The Cryosphere (2021)
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1638by Gulati, Shilpa, Richmond, Kristof, Flesher, Christopher, Hogan, Bartholomew P, Murarka, Aniket, Kuhlmann, Gregory, Sridharan, Mohan, Stone, William C, Doran, Peter TGet access
Published in 2010 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (2010)
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1639by Klekociuk, A., Krummel, P., Tully, M., Gies, H., Alexander, S., Fraser, P., Henderson, S., Javorniczky, J., Shanklin, J., Schofield, R., Stone, K.Get access
Published in Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal (2015)
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1640by Krummel, PB, Klekociuk, AR, Tully, MB, Gies, HP, Alexander, SP, Fraser, PJ, Henderson, SI, Schofield, R, Shanklin, JD, Stone, KAGet access
Published in Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science (2020)
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