Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1601by Stone, Emma J., Capron, Emilie, Lunt, Daniel J., Payne, Antony J., Singarayer, Joy S., Valdes, Paul J., Wolff, Eric W.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1606by E. J. Stone, E. Capron, D. J. Lunt, A. J. Payne, J. S. Singarayer, P. J. Valdes, E. W. WolffGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1607by E. J. Stone, E. Capron, D. J. Lunt, A. J. Payne, J. S. Singarayer, P. J. Valdes, E. W. WolffGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1608by Stone, Emma J., Capron, Emilie, Lunt, Daniel J., Payne, Antony J., Singarayer, Joy S., Valdes, Paul J., Wolff, Eric W.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1609by Peter A. Stott, Nathan P. Gillett, Gabriele C. Hegerl, David J. Karoly, Dáithí A. Stone, Xuebin Zhang, Francis ZwiersGet access
Published in WIREs Climate Change
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1610by Stone, Emma J., Capron, Emilie, Lunt, Daniel J., Payne, Anthony J., Singarayer, Joy S., Valdes, Paul J., Wolff, Eric W.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1612by Stone, Emma J., Capron, Emilie, Lunt, Daniel J., Payne, Antony J., Singarayer, Joy S., Valdes, Paul J., Wolff, Eric W.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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1613by K. A. Stone, O. Morgenstern, D. J. Karoly, A. R. Klekociuk, W. J. French, N. L. Abraham, R. SchofieldGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2016)
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1614by Dearden Kirk, Altaye Mekibib, Maza Irma de, Oliva Maritza de, Stone-Jimenez Maryanne, Morrow Ardythe L., Burkhalte Barton R.Get access
Published 2002
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1615by Kirk Dearden, Mekibib Altaye, Irma de Maza, Maritza de Oliva, Maryanne Stone-Jimenez, Barton R. Burkhalter, Ardythe L. MorrowGet access
Published 2002
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1617by Kyhn, Line Anker, Tougaard, Jakob, Jensen, Frants Havmand, Wahlberg, Magnus, Stone, Greg, Yoshinaga, Austin, Beedholm, Kristian, Madsen, Peter TeglbergGet access
Published 2009
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1618by Stone, K.A., Morgenstern, O., Karoly, D.J., Klekociuk, A.R., French, W.J., Abraham, N.L., Schofield, R.Get access
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1619by M O’Shea, Anna Klas, T Hardy, J Stone, T Frangos, T Jacobs, Fiona Mitchell, J Charles, S Jones, J Thomas, K RyanGet access
Published 2024
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1620by Stone, Emma J., Capron, Emilie, Lunt, Daniel J., Payne, Antony J., Singarayer, Joy S., Valdes, Paul J., Wolff, Eric W.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2016)
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