Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1581by Gharbi, Karim, Glover, Kevin A, Stone, Louise C, MacDonald, Elizabeth S, Matthews, Louise, Grimholt, Unni, Stear, Michael JGet access
Published in BMC Genetics (2009)
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1582by Gharbi, Karim, Glover, Kevin A, Stone, Louise C, MacDonald, Elizabeth S, Matthews, Louise, Grimholt, Unni, Stear, Michael JGet access
Published 2009
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1583by Gharbi, K., Glover, K.A., Stone, L.C., MacDonald, E.S., Matthews, L., Grimholt, U., Stear, M.J.Get access
Published in BMC Genetics (2009)
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1587by BOYER, L. BRYCE, BOYER, RUTH M., DITHRICH, CHARLES W., HARNED, HILLIE, HIPPLER, ARTHUR E., STONE, JOHN S., WALT, ANDREAGet access
Published in Ethos (1989)
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1588by Scaife, Robert G., Long, Antony J., Monteath, Alistair J., Hughes, Paul D.M., Bentley, Michael J., Stone, PhilipGet access
Published in Journal of Quaternary Science (2019)
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1592by Cirtwill, Alyssa R., Wirta, Helena, Kaartinen, Riikka, Ballantyne, Gavin, Stone, Graham N., Cunnold, Helen, Tiusanen, Mikko, Roslin, TomasGet access
Published 2024
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1593by Cirtwill, Alyssa R., Wirta, Helena, Kaartinen, Riikka, Ballantyne, Gavin, Stone, Graham N., Cunnold, Helen, Tiusanen, Mikko, Roslin, TomasGet access
Published in Oikos (2024)
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1594by Ballantyne, Gavin, Cirtwill, Alyssa R., Wirta, Helena, Stone, Graham N., Tiusanen, Mikko, Cunnold, Helen, Kaartinen, Riikka, Roslin, TomasGet access
Published in Oikos (2024)
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1595by Scaife, Robert G., Long, Antony J., Monteath, Alistair J., Hughes, Paul D. M., Bentley, Michael J., Stone, PhilipGet access
Published in Journal of Quaternary Science (2019)
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1596by Monsalve, M. Victoria, Stone, Anne C., Lewis, Cecil M., Rempel, Allan, Richards, Michael, Straathof, Dan, Devine, Dana V.Get access
Published in American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2002)
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1597by Suzanne A. Stone, Stewart W. Breck, Jesse Timberlake, Peter M. Haswell, Fernando Najera, Brian S. Bean, Daniel J. ThornhillContributors: “...Suzanne A. Stone...”
Published in Journal of Mammalogy (2017)
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1598by Stone, Lindsay E., Fang, Xing, Haynes, Kristine M., Helbig, Manuel, Pomeroy, John W., Sonnentag, Oliver, Quinton, William L.Get access
Published in Hydrological Processes (2019)
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1599by Natalie G. Dawson, Jocelyn P. Colella, Maureen P. Small, Karen D. Stone, Sandra L. Talbot, Joseph A. CookContributors: “...Karen D. Stone...”
Published in Journal of Mammalogy (2017)
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