Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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1502by Wehner, Michael, Stone, Dáithí, Shiogama, Hideo, Wolski, Piotr, Ciavarella, Andrew, Christidis, Nikolaos, Krishnan, HarinarayanGet access
Published 2018
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1509by Balco, Greg, Blard, Pierre-Henri, Shuster, David L., Stone, John O.H., Zimmermann, LaurentGet access
Published in Quaternary Geochronology (2019)
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1512by Binns, W. R., Klemic, J., Labrador, A. W., Mewaldt, R. A., Stone, E. C.Get access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2014)
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1513by Lai, C-Y, Stevens, LA, Chase, DL, Creyts, TT, Behn, MD, Das, SB, Stone, HAGet access
Published in Nature Communications (2023)
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1514by Gillett, NP, Stone, DA, Stott, PA, Nozawa, T, Karpechko, AY, Hegerl, GC, Wehner, MF, Jones, PDGet access
Published 2008
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1515by Barcikowska, MJ, Weaver, SJ, Feser, F, Russo, S, Schenk, F, Stone, DA, Wehner, MF, Zahn, MGet access
Published in Earth System Dynamics (2018)
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1516by Barcikowska, MJ, Weaver, SJ, Feser, F, Russo, S, Schenk, F, Stone, DA, Wehner, MF, Zahn, MGet access
Published 2018
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1517by Huggel, C., Bresch, D., Hansen, G., James, R., Mechler, R, Stone, D., Wallimann-Helmer, I.Get access
Published 2016
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1519Using the real-time mulitvariate Madden Julian oscillation indices to predict rainfall in Queenslandby Donald, Alexis, Ribbe, Joachim, Stone, Roger C., Wheeler, Matthew, Meinke, Holger, Harris, Graham, Power, BrendanGet access
Published 2003
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1520by Stone, Kane A., Solomon, Susan, Thompson, David W.J., Kinnison, Douglas E., Fyfe, John C.Get access
Published in Journal of Climate (2022)
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