Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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2323by Martinez-Olivares, GiselaContributors: “...Dr. Sophia Stone...”
Published 2017
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2325Published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (2013)Contributors: “...Stone, E. (author)...”
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2326Published in Nature (2023)Contributors: “...Stone, Kane (author)...”
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2328by Iowa Ornithologists' Union; Fuller, James L.Contributors: “..., Carolyn J.; Scheib, James; Schoenewe, Lee A.; Stone, Larry...”
Published 1997
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2337by A. V. Kandyba, L. V. Zotkina, S. E. Grigoriev, S. E. Fedorov, M. Y. Cheprasov, G. P. Novgorodov, A. V. Petrozhitskiy, D. V. Kuleshov, V. V. ParkhomchukContributors: “...The study was carried out under State Assignment FWZG-2022-0003 “Northern Asia in the Stone Age...”
Published in Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia (2024)
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2338Published in Earth System Dynamics (2018)Contributors: “...Stone, Dáithí (author)...”
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2339Published in Scientific ReportsContributors: “...Stone, Robert P. (authoraut)...”
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2340Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2014)Contributors: “...Stone, Emma (author)...”
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