Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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2261by Iowa Ornithologists' Union; Fuller, James L.Contributors: “...Lowder, Ken; Stone, Larry...”
Published 1995
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2262by Iowa Ornithologists' Union; Fuller, James L.Contributors: “...Johnson, Ann; Stone, Larry...”
Published 1990
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2263by Iowa Ornithologists' Union; Fuller, James L.Contributors: “...Johnson, Ann; Stone, Larry...”
Published 1990
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2264by Iowa Ornithologists' Union; Fuller, James L.Contributors: “...Lowder, Ken; Stone, Larry...”
Published 1990
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2265
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2266
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2267by Iowa Ornithologists' Union; Fuller, James L.Contributors: “...Stone, Larry; Nelson, Curtis...”
Published 1994
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2268by Iowa Ornithologists' Union; Fuller, James L.Contributors: “...Stone, Larry; Cedar Rapids Audubon...”
Published 1990
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2269
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2270by Iowa Ornithologists' Union; Fuller, James L.Contributors: “...Sinclair, Jim; Stone, Larry; Zaletel, Hank...”
Published 1990
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2271
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2272
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2273Published 2003Contributors: “...STONE AND WEBSTER INC GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO...”
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2274by De Roover, Jean-Paul J.Contributors: “...Stone, Sharon Dale...”
Published 2009
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2275
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2276
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2277by Iowa Ornithologists' Union; Fuller, James L.Contributors: “...Crim, Gaylan; Crim, Lloyd; Stone, Tom; Coldiron, Shelley...”
Published 1996
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2278by Horton, Robert AnimikiiContributors: “...Stone, Sharon Dale...”
Published 2011
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2279
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2280by Runolfsdottir, Hrafnhildur L., Sayer, John A., Indridason, Olafur S., Edvardsson, Vidar O., Jensson, Brynjar O., Arnadottir, Gudny A., Gudjonsson, Sigurjon A., Fridriksdottir, Run, Katrinardottir, Hildigunnur, Gudbjartsson, Daniel, Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur, Sulem, Patrick, Stefansson, Kari, Palsson, RunolfurContributors: “...Rare Kidney Stone Consortium...”
Published in European Journal of Human Genetics (2021)
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Article in Journal/Newspaper