Rock (geology)
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In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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2081by Son, S., Han, B., Garfinkel, C., Kim, S., Park, R., Abraham, N., Akiyoshi, H., Archibald, A., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M., Dameris, M., Deushi, M., Dhomse, S., Hardiman, S., Joeckel, P., Kinnison, D., Michou, M., Morgenstern, O., MO'Connor, F., Oman, L., Plummer, D., Pozzer, A., Revell, L., Rozanov, E., Stenke, A., Stone, K., Tilmes, S., Yamashita, Y., Zeng, G.Get access
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2018)
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2082by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P.S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Crucifix, Michel, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan, Farnsworth, Alex, Gordon, Chris, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Pope, Vicky, Roberts, William H.G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J.L., Williams, Jonny H.T.Get access
Published in Geoscientific Model Development (2017)
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2083by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P. S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Crucifix, Michel, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alex, Gordon, Chris, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Pope, Vicky, Roberts, William H. G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J. L., Williams, Jonny H. T.Get access
Published in Geoscientific Model Development (2017)
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2084by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P. S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Crucifix, Michel, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alex, Gordon, Chris, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Pope, Vicky, Roberts, William H. G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J. L., Williams, Jonny H. T.Get access
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2085by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P. S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Crucifix, Michel, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alex, Gordon, Chris, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Pope, Vicky, Roberts, William H. G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J. L., Williams, Jonny H. T.Get access
Published in Geoscientific Model Development (2017)
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2086by Orbe, C, Yang, H, Waugh, DW, Zeng, G, Morgenstern, O, Kinnison, DE, Lamarque, J-F, Tilmes, S, Plummer, DA, Scinocca, JF, Josse, B, Marecal, V, Joeckel, P, Oman, LD, Strahan, SE, Deushi, M, Tanaka, TY, Yoshida, K, Akiyoshi, H, Yamashita, Y, Stenke, A, Revell, L, Sukhodolov, T, Rozanov, E, Pitari, G, Visioni, D, Stone, KA, Schofield, R, Banerjee, AGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2087by Son, S-W, Han, B-R, Garfinkel, CI, Kim, S-Y, Park, R, Abraham, NL, Akiyoshi, H, Archibald, AT, Butchart, N, Chipperfield, MP, Dameris, M, Deushi, M, Dhomse, SS, Hardiman, SC, Joeckel, P, Kinnison, D, Michou, M, Morgenstern, O, O'Connor, FM, Oman, LD, Plummer, DA, Pozzer, A, Revell, LE, Rozanov, E, Stenke, A, Stone, K, Tilmes, S, Yamashita, Y, Zeng, GGet access
Published 2018
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2088by Son S-W, Han B-R, Garfinkel CI, Kim S-Y, Park R, Abraham NL, Akiyoshi H, Archibald AT, Butchart N, Chipperfield M, Dameris M, Deushi M, Dhomse S, Hardiman SC, Jockel P, Kinnison D, Michou M, Morgenstern O, O'Connor FM, Oman L, Plummer D, Pozzer A, Revell LE, Rozanov E, Stenke A, Stone K, Tilmes S, Yamashita Y, Zeng GGet access
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2018)
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2089by Orbe, Clara, Yang, Huang, Waugh, Darryn, Zeng, Guang, Morgenstern, Olaf, Kinnison, Douglas, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Tilmes, Simone, Plummer, David, Scinocca, John, Josse, Béatrice, Marécal, Virginie, Jöckel, Patrick, Oman, Luke, Strahan, Susan, Deushi, Makoto, Tanaka, Taichu, Yoshida, Kohei, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Yamashita, Yousuke, Stenke, Andreas, Revell, Laura, Sukhodolov, Timofei, Rozanov, Eugene, Pitari, Giovanni, Visioni, Daniele, Stone, Kane, Schofield, Robyn, Banerjee, AntaraGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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2090by Orbe, Clara, Yang, Huang, Waugh, Darryn, Zeng, Guang, Morgenstern, Olaf, Kinnison, Douglas, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Tilmes, Simone, Plummer, David, Scinocca, John, Josse, Béatrice, Marécal, Virginie, Jöckel, Patrick, Oman, Luke, Strahan, Susan, Deushi, Makoto, Tanaka, Taichu, Yoshida, Kohei, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Yamashita, Yousuke, Stenke, Andreas, Revell, Laura, Sukhodolov, Timofei, Rozanov, Eugene, Pitari, Giovanni, Visioni, Daniele, Stone, Kane, Schofield, Robyn, Banerjee, AntaraGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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2091by Ayarzagüena, Blanca, Polvani, Lorenzo M., Langematz, Ulrike, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, Neal, Dameris, Martin, Deushi, Makoto, Hardiman, Steven C., Jöckel, Patrick, Klekociuk, Andrew, Marchand, Marion, Michou, Martine, Morgenstern, Olaf, O'Connor, Fiona, Oman, Luke D., Plummer, David A., Revell, Laura, Rozanov, Eugene, Saint-Martin, David, Scinocca, John, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane, Yamashita, Yousuke, Yoshida, Kohei, Zeng, GuangGet access
Published 2018
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2092by Lunt, DJ, Abe-Ouchi, A, Bakker, P, Berger, A, Braconnot, P, Charbit, S, Fischer, N, Herold, N, Jungclaus, JH, Khon, VC, Krebs-Kanzow, U, Langebroek, PM, Lohmann, G, Nisancioglu, KH, Otto-Bliesner, N, Park, W, Pfeiffer, M, Phipps, SJ, Prange, M, Rachmayani, R, Renssen, H, Rosenbloom, N, Schneider, B, Stone, EJ, Takahashi, K, Wei, W, Yin, Q, Zhang, ZSGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2013)
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2093by Ayarzagüena, Blanca, Polvani, Lorenzo M., Langematz, Ulrike, Akiyoshi, H., Bekki, S., Butchart, Neal, Dameris, Martin, Deushi, M., Hardiman, S. C., Jöckel, Patrick, Klekociuk, A., Marchand, M., Michou, M., Morgenstern, Olaf, O'Connor, F. M., Oman, L. D., Plummer, D. A., Revell, L., Rozanov, E., Saint-Martin, D., Scinocca, J., Stenke, A., Stone, K., Yamashita, Y., Yoshida, K., Zeng, G.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2094by Orbe C, Yang H, Waugh DW, Zeng G, Morgenstern O, Kinnison DE, Lamarque J-F, Tilmes S, Plummer DA, Scinocca JF, Josse B, Marecal V, Jockel P, Oman LD, Strahan SE, Deushi M, Tanaka TY, Yoshida K, Akiyoshi H, Yamashita Y, Stenke A, Revell LE, Sukhodolov T, Rozanov E, Pitari G, Visioni D, Stone KA, Schofield R, Banerjee AGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2095by Ayarzagüena, Blanca, Polvani, Lorenzo M., Langematz, Ulrike, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, Neal, Dameris, Martin, Deushi, Makoto, Hardiman, Steven C., Jöckel, Patrick, Klekociuk, Andrew, Marchand, Marion, Michou, Martine, Morgenstern, Olaf, O'Connor, Fiona, Oman, Luke D., Plummer, David A., Revell, Laura, Rozanov, Eugene, Saint-Martin, David, Scinocca, John, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane, Yamashita, Yousuke, Yoshida, Kohei, Zeng, GuangGet access
Published 2018
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2096by B. Ayarzagüena, L. M. Polvani, U. Langematz, H. Akiyoshi, S. Bekki, N. Butchart, M. Dameris, M. Deushi, S. C. Hardiman, P. Jöckel, A. Klekociuk, M. Marchand, M. Michou, O. Morgenstern, F. M. O'Connor, L. D. Oman, D. A. Plummer, L. Revell, E. Rozanov, D. Saint-Martin, J. Scinocca, A. Stenke, K. Stone, Y. Yamashita, K. Yoshida, G. ZengGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2097by Ayarzagüena, Blanca, Polvani, Lorenzo M., Langematz, Ulrike, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, Neal, Dameris, Martin, Deushi, Makoto, Hardiman, Steven C., Jöckel, Patrick, Klekociuk, Andrew, Marchand, Marion, Michou, Martine, Morgenstern, Olaf, O'Connor, Fiona M., Oman, Luke D., Plummer, David A., Revell, Laura, Rozanov, Eugene, Saint-Martin, David, Scinocca, John, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane, Yamashita, Yousuke, Yoshida, Kohei, Zeng, GuangGet access
Published 2018
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2098by Lunt, D, Abe-Ouchi, A, Bakker, P, Berger, A, Braconnot, P, Charbit, S, Fischer, N, Herold, N, Jungclaus, J, Khon, V, Krebs-Kanzow, U, Langebroek, P, Lohmann, G, Nisancioglu, K, Otto-Bliesner, B, Park, W, Pleiffer, M, Phipps, Steven, Prange, M, Rachmayani, R, Renssen, H, Rosenbloom, N, Schneider, B, Stone, E, Takahashi, K, Wei, W, Yin, Q, Zhang, ZGet access
Published in Climate of the Past (2013)
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2099by Barge, L.M., Cardoso, S.S.S., Cartwright, J.H.E., Cooper, G.J.T., Cronin, L., de Wit, A., Doloboff, I.J., Escribano, B., Goldstein, R.E., Haudin, F., Jones, D.E.H., Mackay, A.L., Maselko, J., Pagano, J.J., Pantaleone, J., Russell, M.J., Sainz-Díaz, C.I., Steinbock, O., Stone, D.A., Tanimoto, Y., Thomas, N.Get access
Published in Chemical Reviews (2015)
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2100by Lunt, D., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bakker, P., Berger, A., Braconnot, P., Charbit, S., Fischer, N., Herold, N., Jungclaus, J., Khon, V., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Langebroek, P., Lohmann, G., Nisancioglu, K., Otto-Bliesner, B., Park, W., Pfeiffer, M., Phipps, S., Prange, M., Rachmayani, R., Renssen, H., Rosenbloom, N., Schneider, B., Stone, E., Takahashi, K., Wei, W., Yin, Q., Zhang, Z.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2013)
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