Rock (geology)
Rocks (disambiguation)|and|Stone (disambiguation)|and|Stones (disambiguation)}}In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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2061by Murphy, R. P., Binns, W. R., Bose, R. G., Brandt, T. J., Dowkontt, P. F., Hams, T., Israel, M. H., Labrador, A. W., Link, J. T., Mewaldt, R. A., Mitchell, J. W., Rauch, B. F., Sakai, K., Sasaki, M., Stone, E. C., Waddington, C. J., Ward, J. E., Wiedenbeck, M. E.Get access
Published in Proceedings of The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2015) (2015)
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2062by Wang, Chao, Morrissey, Ember M, Mau, Rebecca L, Hayer, Michaela, Piñeiro, Juan, Mack, Michelle C, Marks, Jane C, Bell, Sheryl L, Miller, Samantha N, Schwartz, Egbert, Dijkstra, Paul, Koch, Benjamin J, Stone, Bram W, Purcell, Alicia M, Blazewicz, Steven J, Hofmockel, Kirsten S, Pett-Ridge, Jennifer, Hungate, Bruce AGet access
Published in The ISME Journal (2021)
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2063by Labrador, A. W., Binns, W. R., Bose, R. G., Brandt, T. J., Dowkontt, P. F., Hams, T., Israel, M. H., Link, J. T., Mewaldt, R. A., Mitchell, J. W., Murphy, R. P., Rauch, B. F., Sakai, K., Sasaki, M., Stone, E. C., Waddington, C. J., Ward, J. E., Wiedenbeck, M. E.Get access
Published in Proceedings of 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2017) (2017)
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2064by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P. S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alexander J, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Roberts, William H. G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J. L., Williams, Jonny H. T.Get access
Published 2017
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2065by Streitmatter, R. E., Barbier, L. M., Mitchell, J. W., Israel, M. H., deNolfo, G. A., Lodders, K., Christian, E. R., Link, Jason T., Geier, S., Rauch, B. F., Mewaldt,R. A., Waddington, C. J., Scott, L. M., Wiedenbeck, M. E., Schindler, S. M., Cummings, J. R., Stone, E. C., Binns, W. R.Get access
Published 2009
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2066by Mazzola, M., Lupi, A., Vitale, V., Tomasi, C., Stone, R. S., Herber, Andreas, Toledano, C., Cachorro, V. E., Torres, B., Berfon, A., Orziz, J. P., O'Neill, N. T., Masataka, S., Stebel, K., Aaltonen, V., Zielinski, T., Petelski, T., Goloub, P., Blarel, L., Li, Z., Abboud, I., Cuevas, E., Stock, Maria, Schulz, K. H., Virkkula, A.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Environment (2011)
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2067by Labrador, A. W., Binns, W. R., Rose, R. G., Brandt, T. J., Dowkontt, P. F., Hams, T., Israel, M. H., Link, J. T., Mewaldt, R. A., Mitchell, J. W., Murphy, R. P., Rauch, B. F., Sakai, K., Sasaki, M., Stone, E. C., Waddington, C. J., Walsh, N. E., Ward, J. E., Wiedenbeck, M. E.Get access
Published 2019
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2068by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edaward, Badger, Marcus P.S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alex, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Roberts, William H.G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J.L., Williams, Jonny H.T.Get access
Published in Geoscientific Model Development (2017)
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2069by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P. S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alex, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Roberts, William H. G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J. L., Williams, Jonny H. T.Get access
Published 2017
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2070by Rauch, B. F., Link, J. T., Lodders, K., Israel, M. H., Barbier, L. M., Binns, W. R., Christian, E. R., Cummings, J. R., de Nolfo, G. A., Geier, S., Mewaldt, R. A., Mitchell, J. W., Schindler, S. M., Scott, L. M., Stone, E. C., Streitmatter, R. E., Waddington, C. J., Wiedenbeck, M. E.Get access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2009)
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2071by Ayarzaguena, B, Polvani, LM, Langematz, U, Akiyoshi, H, Bekki, S, Butchart, N, Dameris, M, Deushi, M, Hardiman, SC, Jockel, P, Klekociuk, A, Marchand, M, Michou, M, Morgenstern, O, O'Connor, FM, Oman, LD, Plummer, DA, Revell, L, Rozanov, E, Saint-Martin, D, Scinocca, J, Stenke, A, Stone, K, Yamashita, Y, Yoshida, Kohei, Zeng, GGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2072by Ayarzaguena, B, Polvani, LM, Langematz, U, Akiyoshi, H, Bekki, S, Butchart, N, Dameris, M, Deushi, M, Hardiman, SC, Jockel, P, Klekociuk, A, Marchand, M, Michou, M, Morgenstern, O, O'Connor, FM, Oman, LD, Plummer, DA, Revell, L, Rozanov, E, Saint-Martin, D, Scinocca, J, Stenke, A, Stone, K, Yamashita, Y, Yoshida, K, Zeng, GGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2073by Ayarzaguena B, Polvani LM, Langematz U, Akiyoshi H, Bekki S, Butchart N, Dameris M, Deushi M, Hardiman SC, Jockel P, Klekociuk A, Marchand M, Michou M, Morgenstern O, O'Connor F, Oman LD, Plummer DA, Revell LE, Rozanov E, Saint-Martin D, Scinocca J, Stenke A, Stone K, Yamashita Y, Yoshida K, Zeng GGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2074by Ayarzaguena, B, Polvani, LM, Langematz, U, Akiyoshi, H, Bekki, S, Butchart, N, Dameris, M, Deushi, M, Hardiman, SC, Jockel, P, Klekociuk, A, Marchand, M, Michou, M, Morgenstern, O, O'Connor, FM, Oman, LD, Plummer, DA, Revell, L, Rozanov, E, Saint-Martin, D, Scinocca, J, Stenke, A, Stone, K, Yamashita, Y, Yoshida, K, Zeng, GGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2075by Valdes, P.J., Armstrong, E., Badger, M.P.S., Bradshaw, C.D., Bragg, F., Crucifix, M., Davies-Barnard, T., Day, J.J., Farnsworth, A., Gordon, C., Hopcroft, P.O., Kennedy, A.T., Lord, N.S., Lunt, D.J., Marzocchi, A., Parry, L.M., Pope, V., Roberts, W.H.G., Stone, E.J., Tourte, G.J.L., Williams, J.H.T.Get access
Published in Geoscientific Model Development (2017)
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2076by P. J. Valdes, E. Armstrong, M. P. S. Badger, C. D. Bradshaw, F. Bragg, M. Crucifix, T. Davies-Barnard, J. J. Day, A. Farnsworth, C. Gordon, P. O. Hopcroft, A. T. Kennedy, N. S. Lord, D. J. Lunt, A. Marzocchi, L. M. Parry, V. Pope, W. H. G. Roberts, E. J. Stone, G. J. L. Tourte, J. H. T. WilliamsGet access
Published in Geoscientific Model Development (2017)
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2077by Síle F Molloy, Tom Chiller, Gregory S Greene, Jessica Burry, Nelesh P Govender, Cecilia Kanyama, Sayoki Mfinanga, Sokoine Lesikari, Yacouba N Mapoure, Charles Kouanfack, Victor Sini, Elvis Temfack, David R Boulware, Francoise Dromer, David W Denning, Jeremy Day, Neil R H Stone, Tihana Bicanic, Joseph N Jarvis, Olivier Lortholary, Thomas S Harrison, Shabbar Jaffar, Angela LoyseGet access
Published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2017)
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2078by Ayarzagüena, Blanca, Polvani, Lorenzo, Langematz, Ulrike, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, Neal, Dameris, Martin, Deushi, Makoto, Hardiman, Steven, Jöckel, Patrick, Klekociuk, Andrew, Marchand, Marion, Michou, Martine, Morgenstern, Olaf, O'Connor, Fiona, Oman, Luke, Plummer, David, Revell, Laura, Rozanov, Eugene, Saint-Martin, David, Scinocca, John, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane, Yamashita, Yousuke, Yoshida, Kohei, Zeng, GuangGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2079by Ayarzagüena, Blanca, Polvani, Lorenzo, Langematz, Ulrike, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Bekki, Slimane, Butchart, Neal, Dameris, Martin, Deushi, Makoto, Hardiman, Steven, Jöckel, Patrick, Klekociuk, Andrew, Marchand, Marion, Michou, Martine, Morgenstern, Olaf, O'Connor, Fiona, Oman, Luke, Plummer, David, Revell, Laura, Rozanov, Eugene, Saint-Martin, David, Scinocca, John, Stenke, Andrea, Stone, Kane, Yamashita, Yousuke, Yoshida, Kohei, Zeng, GuangGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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2080by Lunt, D.J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bakker, P., Berger, A., Braconnot, P., Charbit, S., Fischer, N., Herold, N, Jungclaus, J.H., Kohn, V.C, Krebs-Kanzow, Uta, Lohmann, Gerrit, Otto-Bliesner, B., Park, W., Pfeiffer, Madlene, Prange, M., Rachmayani, R., Renssen, H., Rosenbloom, N., Schneider, B., Stone, E.J., Takahashi, K., Wei, Wei, Yin, Q.Get access
Published in Climate of the Past (2013)
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