Rock (geology)
Rocks (disambiguation)|and|Stone (disambiguation)|and|Stones (disambiguation)}}In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathering, transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting.
Humanity has made use of rocks since the earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age, saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure. Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals. Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete. Provided by Wikipedia
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2041by Carina M Hall, Sierra Jaramillo, Rebecca Jimenez, Nathan E Stone, Heather Centner, Joseph D Busch, Nicole Bratsch, Chandler C Roe, Jay E Gee, Alex R Hoffmaster, Sarai Rivera-Garcia, Fred Soltero, Kyle Ryff, Janice Perez-Padilla, Paul Keim, Jason W Sahl, David M WagnerGet access
Published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2019)
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2042by Mark E Beatty, Amy Stone, David W Fitzsimons, Jeffrey N Hanna, Sai Kit Lam, Sirenda Vong, Maria G Guzman, Jorge F Mendez-Galvan, Scott B Halstead, G William Letson, Joel Kuritsky, Richard Mahoney, Harold S Margolis, Asia-Pacific and Americas Dengue Prevention Boards Surveillance Working GroupGet access
Published in PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2010)
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2043by Kinnison, Doug E., Pitts, Michael C., Poole, Lamont R., Mills, Michael J., Schmidt, Anja, Neely, Ryan R., Schwartz, Michael J., Vernier, Jean-Paul, Johnson, Bryan J., Tully, Matthew B., Klekociuk, Andrew R., König-Langlo, Gert, Hagiya, Satoshi, Stone, Kane Adam, Solomon, Susan, Ivy, Diane JContributors: “...Stone, Kane Adam...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2018)
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2044by Kimball, Peter W., Clark, Evan B., Scully, Mark, Richmond, Kristof, Flesher, Chris, Lindzey, Laura E., Harman, John, Huffstutler, Keith, Lawrence, Justin, Lelievre, Scott, Moor, Joshua, Pease, Brian, Siegel, Vickie, Winslow, Luke, Blankenship, Donald D., Doran, Peter, Kim, Stacy, Schmidt, Britney E., Stone, William C.Get access
Published in Journal of Field Robotics (2018)
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2045by Murphy, R. P., Sasaki, M., Binns, W. R., Brandt, T. J., Hams, T., Israel, M. H., Labrador, A. W., Link, J. T., Mewaldt, R. A., Mitchell, J. W., Rauch, B. F., Sakai, K., Stone, E. C., Waddington, C. J., Walsh, N. E., Ward, J. E., Wiedenbeck, M. E.Get access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2016)
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2046by Murphy, R. P., Sasaki, M., Binns, W. R., Brandt, T. J., Hams, T., Israel, M. H., Labrador, A. W., Link, J. T., Mewaldt, R. A., Mitchell, J. W., Rauch, B. F., Sakai, K., Stone, E. C., Waddington, C. J., Walsh, N. E., Ward, J. E., Wiedenbeck, M. E.Get access
Published in The Astrophysical Journal (2016)
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2047by Walsh, N. E., Binns, W. R., Israel, M. H., Murphy, R. P., Rauch, B. F., Ward, J. E., Brandt, T. J., Link, J. T., Mitchell, J. W., Hams, T., Sakai, K., Sasaki, M., Labrador, A. W., Mewaldt, R. A., Stone, E. C., Wiedenbeck, M. E., Waddington, C. J.Get access
Published in Proceedings of 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2017) (2017)
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2048by Kimball, Peter W., Clark, Evan B., Scully, Mark, Richmond, Kristof, Flesher, Chris, Lindzey, Laura E., Harman, John, Huffstutler, Keith, Lawrence, Justin, Lelievre, Scott, Moor, Joshua, Pease, Brian, Siegel, Vickie, Winslow, Luke, Blankenship, Donald D., Doran, Peter, Kim, Stacy, Schmidt, Britney E., Stone, William C.Get access
Published in Journal of Field Robotics (2017)
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2049by Bowman, Sharen, Hubert, Sophie, Higgins, Brent, Stone, Cynthia, Kimball, Jennifer, Borza, Tudor, Bussey, Jillian Tarrant, Simpson, Gary, Kozera, Catherine, Curtis, Bruce A., Hall, Jennifer R., Hori, Tiago S., Feng, Charles Y., Rise, Marlies, Booman, Marije, Gamperl, A. Kurt, Trippel, Edward, Symonds, Jane, Johnson, Stewart C., Rise, Matthew L.Get access
Published in Marine Biotechnology (2010)
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2050by Bowman, Sharen, Hubert, Sophie, Higgins, Brent, Stone, Cynthia, Kimball, Jennifer, Borza, Tudor, Bussey, Jillian Tarrant, Simpson, Gary, Kozera, Catherine, Curtis, Bruce A., Hall, Jennifer R., Hori, Tiago S., Feng, Charles Y., Rise, Marlies, Booman, Marije, Gamperl, A. Kurt, Trippel, Edward, Symonds, Jane, Johnson, Stewart C., Rise, Matthew L.Get access
Published in Marine Biotechnology (2010)
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2051by McClain, Craig R., Balk, Meghan A., Benfield, Mark C., Branch, Trevor A., Chen, Catherine, Cosgrove, James, Dove, Alistair D. M., Gaskins, Lindsay C., Helm, Rebecca, R., Hochberg, Frederick G., Lee, Frank B., Marshall, Andrea, McMurray, Steven E., Schanche, Caroline, Stone, Shane N., Thaler, Andrew D.Get access
Published 2015
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2052by McClain, Craig R., Balk, Meghan A., Benfield, Mark C., Branch, Trevor A., Chen, Catherine, Cosgrove, James, Dove, Alistair D. M., Gaskins, Leo C., Helm, Rebecca, Hochberg, Frederick G., Lee, Frank B., Marshall, Andrea, McMurray, Steven E., Schanche, Caroline, Stone, Shane N., Thaler, Andrew D.Get access
Published 2015
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2053by Murphy, R. P., Binns, W. R., Bose, R. G., Brandt, T. J., Dowkontt, P. F., Hams, T., Israel, M. H., Labrador, A. W., Link, J. T., Mewaldt, R. A., Mitchell, J. W., Rauch, B. F., Sakai, K., Sasaki, M., Stone, E. C., Waddington, C. J., Ward, J. E., Wiedenbeck, M. E.Get access
Published 2015
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2054by Labrador, A. W., Binns, W. R., Bose, R. G., Brandt, T. J., Dowkontt, P. F., Hams, T., Israel, M. H., Link, J. T., Mewaldt, R. A., Mitchell, J. W., Murphy, R. P., Rauch, B. F., Sakai, K., Sasaki, M., Stone, E. C., Waddington, C. J., Ward, J. E., Wiedenbeck, M. E.Get access
Published 2017
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2055by de Nolfo, G. A., Barbier, L. M., Binns, W. R., Christian, E. R., Cummings, J. R., Geier, S., Israel, M. H., Link, J. T., Mewaldt, R. A., Mitchell, J. W., Rauch, B. F., Schindler, S. M., Scott, L.M., Stone, E. C., Streitmatter, R. E., Waddington, C. J., Wiedenbeck, M. E.Get access
Published 2007
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2056by McClain, Craig R., Balk, Meghan A., Benfield, Mark C., Branch, Trevor A., Chen, Catherine, Cosgrove, James, Dove, Alistair D. M., Gaskins, Lindsay C., Helm, Rebecca, Hochberg, Frederick G., Lee, Frank B., Marshall, Andrea, McMurray, Steven E., Schanche, Caroline, Stone, Shane N., Thaler, Andrew D., Helm, Rebecca R.Get access
Published 2020
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2057by Nathan E Stone, Carina M Hall, Marielisa Ortiz, Shelby M Hutton, Ella Santana-Propper, Kimberly R Celona, Charles H D Williamson, Nicole Bratsch, Luis G V Fernandes, Joseph D Busch, Talima Pearson, Sarai Rivera-Garcia, Fred Soltero, Renee Galloway, Jason W Sahl, Jarlath E Nally, David M WagnerGet access
Published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2022)
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2058by Wang, Chao, Morrissey, Ember M., Mau, Rebecca L., Hayer, Michaela, Piñeiro, Juan, Mack, Michelle C., Marks, Jane C., Bell, Sheryl L., Miller, Samantha N., Schwartz, Egbert, Dijkstra, Paul, Koch, Benjamin J., Stone, Bram W., Purcell, Alicia M., Blazewicz, Steven J., Hofmockel, Kirsten S., Pett-Ridge, Jennifer, Hungate, Bruce A.Get access
Published in The ISME Journal (2021)
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2059by McClain, Craig R., Balk, Meghan A., Benfield, Mark C., Branch, Trevor A., Chen, Catherine, Cosgrove, James, Dove, Alistair D. M., Gaskins, Leo C., Helm, Rebecca, Hochberg, Frederick G., Lee, Frank B., Marshall, Andrea, McMurray, Steven E., Schanche, Caroline, Stone, Shane N., Thaler, Andrew D., Helm, Rebecca R.Get access
Published 2021
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2060by McClain, Craig R., Balk, Meghan A., Benfield, Mark C., Branch, Trevor A., Chen, Catherine, Cosgrove, James, Dove, Alistair D. M., Gaskins, Leo C., Helm, Rebecca, Hochberg, Frederick G., Lee, Frank B., Marshall, Andrea, McMurray, Steven E., Schanche, Caroline, Stone, Shane N., Thaler, Andrew D., Helm, Rebecca R.Get access
Published 2015
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