Spain
![Celtic castro in Galicia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg)
In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celtic and Iberian tribes, along with other local pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred in Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation-state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration of the New World, made the first circumnavigation of the globe and formed one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish empire reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. The 18th century was marked by extensive reforms and, notably, the Bourbon reforms centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious Spanish War of independence, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. Spain is one of the main nations of Latin Europe and a cultural superpower. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and it is the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP (fourth of the European Union) and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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121by Heard, D.E., Read, K.A., Methven, John, Al-Haider, S., Bloss, W.J., Johnson, G.P., Pilling, M.J., Seakins, P.W., Smith, S.C., Sommariva, R., Stanton, J C., Still, T. J., Ingham, T., Brooks, B., De Leeuw, G., Jackson, A.V., McQuaid, J. B., Morgan, R., Smith, M.H., Carpenter, L.J., Carslaw, N., Hamilton, J., Hopkins, J.R., Lee, J.D., Lewis, A C., Purvis, R.M., Wevill, D.J., Brough, N., Green, T., Mills, G., Penkett, S.A., Plane, J.M.C., Saiz-Lopez, A., Worton, D., Monks, P.S., Fleming, Z., Rickard, A.R., Alfarra, M.R., Allan, J.D., Bower, K., Coe, H., Cubison, M., Flynn, M., McFiggans, G., Gallagher, M., Norton, E.G., O'Dowd, C.D., Shillito, J., Topping, D., Vaughan, G., Williams, P., Bitter, M., Ball, S.M., Jones, R.L., Povey, I.M., O'Doherty, S., Simmonds, P.G., Allen, A., Kinnersley, R.P., Beddows, D. C. S., Dall'Osto, M., Harrison, R.M., Donovan, R.J., Heal, M. R., Jennings, S. G., Noone, C., Spain, G.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2006)
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
122by INTERMAGNET, Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre, BCMT (France), Beijing Ming Tombs Geomagnetic Observatory Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Turkey), British Antarctic Survey (United Kingdom), British Geological Survey (United Kingdom), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (Algeria), Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (Croatia), Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chile), École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (France), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Fundació Observatori de l'Ebre (Spain), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Geological Institute of Romania (Romania), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Geophysical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulagaria), Geoscience Australia (Australia), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Halliburton Sperry Drilling (United States of America), Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (India), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (France), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor (France), Institute of Cosmophysical Researches and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS (Russia), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam), Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (Czech Republic), Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science (Russia), Institute of the Ionosphere, National Center of Space Researches and Technologies (Kazakhstan), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (Peru), Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain), Irish Meteorological Service (Ireland), Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany), Korea Meteorological Administration (South Korea), Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of the China Earthquake Administration (China), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (Germany), National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Ukraine), National Geophysical Research Institute (India), National Meteorological Service of Argentina (Argentina), National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (Denmark), Natural Resources of Canada / Geological Survey of Canada (Canada), Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (Spain), Royal Meteorological Institute (Belgium), Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), South African National Space Agency (South Africa), Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Sweden), The Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd (New Zealand), The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology (Samoa), U.S. Geological Survey (USA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina), University of Oulu (Finland), University of Stuttgart (Germany), Yu. G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration-IGME (Greece), National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (NIGGG-BAS)(Bulgaria), National Center for Geophysical Research of Lebanon (Lebanon), Institut et Observatoire Geophysique d'Antananarivo IOGA (Madagascar), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Geofisica (Mexico), Eotvos Lorand Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (Russia), Alfred-Wegener-Institut AWI (Germany), Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute AARI (Russia), Observatorio Nacional (Brazil), ZAMG - Zentralanstalt fuer Meteorologie und Geodynamik (Austria), Bundesamt fuer Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie (Germany), Republic Geodetic Institute (Serbia), Geomagnetic Institute Grocka Serbia), Addis Ababa University AAU (Ethiopia), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre EOST (France), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV (Italy), Danish Meteorological Institute DMI (Denmark), Institut Polaire Francais Paul Emile Victor IPEV (France), Maldives Meteorological Service (Republic of Maldives), China Earthquake Administration of Guangdong province (China), Directorate General of Telecommunications DGT MOTC (Taiwan), National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics NRIAG (Egypt), Saint Petersburg branch of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences IZMIRAN SpB branch (Russia)Get access
Published 2021
Dataset -
123by INTERMAGNET, Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre, BCMT (France), Beijing Ming Tombs Geomagnetic Observatory Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Turkey), British Antarctic Survey (United Kingdom), British Geological Survey (United Kingdom), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (Algeria), Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (Croatia), Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chile), École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (France), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Fundació Observatori de l'Ebre (Spain), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Geological Institute of Romania (Romania), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Geophysical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulagaria), Geoscience Australia (Australia), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Halliburton Sperry Drilling (United States of America), Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (India), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (France), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor (France), Institute of Cosmophysical Researches and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS (Russia), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam), Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (Czech Republic), Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science (Russia), Institute of the Ionosphere, National Center of Space Researches and Technologies (Kazakhstan), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (Peru), Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain), Irish Meteorological Service (Ireland), Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany), Korea Meteorological Administration (South Korea), Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of the China Earthquake Administration (China), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (Germany), National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Ukraine), National Geophysical Research Institute (India), National Meteorological Service of Argentina (Argentina), National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (Denmark), Natural Resources of Canada / Geological Survey of Canada (Canada), Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (Spain), Royal Meteorological Institute (Belgium), Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), South African National Space Agency (South Africa), Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Sweden), The Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd (New Zealand), The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology (Samoa), U.S. Geological Survey (USA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina), University of Oulu (Finland), University of Stuttgart (Germany), Yu. G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration-IGME (Greece), National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (NIGGG-BAS)(Bulgaria), National Center for Geophysical Research of Lebanon (Lebanon), Institut et Observatoire Geophysique d'Antananarivo IOGA (Madagascar), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Geofisica (Mexico), Eotvos Lorand Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (Russia), Alfred-Wegener-Institut AWI (Germany), Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute AARI (Russia), Observatorio Nacional (Brazil), ZAMG - Zentralanstalt fuer Meteorologie und Geodynamik (Austria), Bundesamt fuer Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie (Germany), Republic Geodetic Institute (Serbia), Geomagnetic Institute Grocka Serbia), Addis Ababa University AAU (Ethiopia), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre EOST (France), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV (Italy), Danish Meteorological Institute DMI (Denmark), Institut Polaire Francais Paul Emile Victor IPEV (France), Maldives Meteorological Service (Republic of Maldives), China Earthquake Administration of Guangdong province (China), Directorate General of Telecommunications DGT MOTC (Taiwan), National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics NRIAG (Egypt), Saint Petersburg branch of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences IZMIRAN SpB branch (Russia)Get access
Published 2020
Dataset -
124by INTERMAGNET, Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre, BCMT (France), Beijing Ming Tombs Geomagnetic Observatory Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Turkey), British Antarctic Survey (United Kingdom), British Geological Survey (United Kingdom), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (Algeria), Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (Croatia), Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chile), École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (France), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Fundació Observatori de l'Ebre (Spain), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Geological Institute of Romania (Romania), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Geophysical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulagaria), Geoscience Australia (Australia), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Halliburton Sperry Drilling (United States of America), Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (India), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (France), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor (France), Institute of Cosmophysical Researches and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS (Russia), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam), Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (Czech Republic), Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science (Russia), Institute of the Ionosphere, National Center of Space Researches and Technologies (Kazakhstan), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (Peru), Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain), Irish Meteorological Service (Ireland), Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany), Korea Meteorological Administration (South Korea), Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of the China Earthquake Administration (China), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (Germany), National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Ukraine), National Geophysical Research Institute (India), National Meteorological Service of Argentina (Argentina), National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (Denmark), Natural Resources of Canada / Geological Survey of Canada (Canada), Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (Spain), Royal Meteorological Institute (Belgium), Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), South African National Space Agency (South Africa), Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Sweden), The Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd (New Zealand), The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology (Samoa), U.S. Geological Survey (USA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina), University of Oulu (Finland), University of Stuttgart (Germany), Yu. G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration-IGME (Greece), National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (NIGGG-BAS)(Bulgaria), National Center for Geophysical Research of Lebanon (Lebanon), Institut et Observatoire Geophysique d'Antananarivo IOGA (Madagascar), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Geofisica (Mexico), Eotvos Lorand Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (Russia), Alfred-Wegener-Institut AWI (Germany), Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute AARI (Russia), Observatorio Nacional (Brazil), ZAMG - Zentralanstalt fuer Meteorologie und Geodynamik (Austria), Bundesamt fuer Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie (Germany), Republic Geodetic Institute (Serbia), Geomagnetic Institute Grocka Serbia), Addis Ababa University AAU (Ethiopia), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre EOST (France), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV (Italy), Danish Meteorological Institute DMI (Denmark), Institut Polaire Francais Paul Emile Victor IPEV (France), Maldives Meteorological Service (Republic of Maldives), China Earthquake Administration of Guangdong province (China), Directorate General of Telecommunications DGT MOTC (Taiwan), National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics NRIAG (Egypt), Saint Petersburg branch of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences IZMIRAN SpB branch (Russia)Get access
Published 2021
Dataset -
125by INTERMAGNET, Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre, BCMT (France), Beijing Ming Tombs Geomagnetic Observatory Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Turkey), British Antarctic Survey (United Kingdom), British Geological Survey (United Kingdom), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (Algeria), Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (Croatia), Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chile), École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (France), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Fundació Observatori de l'Ebre (Spain), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Geological Institute of Romania (Romania), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Geophysical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulagaria), Geoscience Australia (Australia), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Halliburton Sperry Drilling (United States of America), Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (India), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (France), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor (France), Institute of Cosmophysical Researches and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS (Russia), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam), Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (Czech Republic), Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science (Russia), Institute of the Ionosphere, National Center of Space Researches and Technologies (Kazakhstan), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (Peru), Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain), Irish Meteorological Service (Ireland), Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany), Korea Meteorological Administration (South Korea), Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of the China Earthquake Administration (China), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (Germany), National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Ukraine), National Geophysical Research Institute (India), National Meteorological Service of Argentina (Argentina), National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (Denmark), Natural Resources of Canada / Geological Survey of Canada (Canada), Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (Spain), Royal Meteorological Institute (Belgium), Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), South African National Space Agency (South Africa), Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Sweden), The Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd (New Zealand), The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology (Samoa), U.S. Geological Survey (USA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina), University of Oulu (Finland), University of Stuttgart (Germany), Yu. G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration-IGME (Greece), National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (NIGGG-BAS)(Bulgaria), National Center for Geophysical Research of Lebanon (Lebanon), Institut et Observatoire Geophysique d'Antananarivo IOGA (Madagascar), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Geofisica (Mexico), Eotvos Lorand Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (Russia), Alfred-Wegener-Institut AWI (Germany), Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute AARI (Russia), Observatorio Nacional (Brazil), ZAMG - Zentralanstalt fuer Meteorologie und Geodynamik (Austria), Bundesamt fuer Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie (Germany), Republic Geodetic Institute (Serbia), Geomagnetic Institute Grocka Serbia), Addis Ababa University AAU (Ethiopia), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre EOST (France), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV (Italy), Danish Meteorological Institute DMI (Denmark), Institut Polaire Francais Paul Emile Victor IPEV (France), Maldives Meteorological Service (Republic of Maldives), China Earthquake Administration of Guangdong province (China), Directorate General of Telecommunications DGT MOTC (Taiwan), National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics NRIAG (Egypt), Saint Petersburg branch of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences IZMIRAN SpB branch (Russia)Get access
Published 2021
Dataset -
126by INTERMAGNET, Altay-Sayan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Bureau Central de Magnétisme Terrestre, BCMT (France), Beijing Ming Tombs Geomagnetic Observatory Center, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Bogaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (Turkey), British Antarctic Survey (United Kingdom), British Geological Survey (United Kingdom), Centre de Recherche en Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique (Algeria), Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb (Croatia), Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chile), École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (France), Finnish Meteorological Institute (Finland), Fundació Observatori de l'Ebre (Spain), Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Geological Institute of Romania (Romania), Geological Survey of Sweden (Sweden), Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Geophysical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Institute of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulagaria), Geoscience Australia (Australia), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (Germany), Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Halliburton Sperry Drilling (United States of America), Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (India), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (France), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (France), Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor (France), Institute of Cosmophysical Researches and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS (Russia), Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (China), Institute of Geophysics of the Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam), Institute of Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic (Czech Republic), Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine), Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Institute of Geophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Science (Russia), Institute of the Ionosphere, National Center of Space Researches and Technologies (Kazakhstan), Instituto Geofísico del Perú (Peru), Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain), Irish Meteorological Service (Ireland), Japan Meteorological Agency (Japan), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany), Korea Meteorological Administration (South Korea), Lanzhou Institute of Seismology of the China Earthquake Administration (China), Ludwig Maximilians University Munich (Germany), National Antarctic Scientific Center, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (Ukraine), National Geophysical Research Institute (India), National Meteorological Service of Argentina (Argentina), National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark (Denmark), Natural Resources of Canada / Geological Survey of Canada (Canada), Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (Spain), Royal Meteorological Institute (Belgium), Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), South African National Space Agency (South Africa), Swedish Institute of Space Physics (Sweden), The Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Ltd (New Zealand), The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment and Meteorology (Samoa), U.S. Geological Survey (USA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina), University of Oulu (Finland), University of Stuttgart (Germany), Yu. G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia), Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration-IGME (Greece), National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (NIGGG-BAS)(Bulgaria), National Center for Geophysical Research of Lebanon (Lebanon), Institut et Observatoire Geophysique d'Antananarivo IOGA (Madagascar), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Geofisica (Mexico), Eotvos Lorand Geophysical Institute of Hungary (Hungary), Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (Russia), Alfred-Wegener-Institut AWI (Germany), Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute AARI (Russia), Observatorio Nacional (Brazil), ZAMG - Zentralanstalt fuer Meteorologie und Geodynamik (Austria), Bundesamt fuer Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie (Germany), Republic Geodetic Institute (Serbia), Geomagnetic Institute Grocka Serbia), Addis Ababa University AAU (Ethiopia), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre EOST (France), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV (Italy), Danish Meteorological Institute DMI (Denmark), Institut Polaire Francais Paul Emile Victor IPEV (France), Maldives Meteorological Service (Republic of Maldives), China Earthquake Administration of Guangdong province (China), Directorate General of Telecommunications DGT MOTC (Taiwan), National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics NRIAG (Egypt), Saint Petersburg branch of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences IZMIRAN SpB branch (Russia)Get access
Published 2022
Dataset -
127by Lejish Vettikkat,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Finland, Pasi Miettinen,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Finland, Angela Buchholz,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Finland, Pekka Rantala,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland, Hao Yu,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Finland, Simon Schallhart,Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O.Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland, Tuukka Petäjä,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland, Roger Seco,Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, Elisa Männistö,Peatland and soil ecology research group, School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland, Markku Kulmala,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila,Peatland and soil ecology research group, School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland, Alex B. Guenther,Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA, Siegfried Schobesberger,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, FinlandGet access
Published 2022
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128by I. Cerveri, F. Locatelli, M. C. Zoia, A. Corsico, S. Accordini, R. de Marco, on behalf of the ECRHS Austria: W. Popp, A.u.s.t.r.a.l.i.a.:.M. Abramson, J. Kutin, Belgium: P. Vermeire, F. van Bastelaer, France: J. Bousquet, J. Knani, F. Neukirch, R. Liard, I. Pin, C. Pison, A. Taytard, Germany: H. Magnussen, D. Nowak, H. E. Wichmann, J. Heinrich, Greece: N. Papageorgiou, P. Avarlis, M. Gaga, C. Marossis, Iceland: T. Gislason, D. Gislason, Ireland: J. Prichard, S. Allwright, D. MacLeod, Italy: M. Bugiani, L. Cascio, C. Campello, A. Marinoni, L. Casali, the Netherlands: B. Rijcken, A. Kremer, New Zealand: J. Crane, S. Lewis, Norway: A. Gulsvik, E. Omenaas, Portugal: J. A. Marques, J. Alves, Spain: J. M. AntoÁ, J. Sunyer, F. Burgos, J. CastellsangueÂ, J. Roca, J. B. Soriano, A. TobiÁas, N. Muniozguren, J. Ramos GonzaÁles, A. Capelastegui, J. Castillo, J. Rodriguez Portal, J. Martinez Moratalla, E. Almar, J. Maldonado PeÂrez, A. Pereira, J. SaÁnchez, J. Quiros, I. Huerta, F. Pavo, Sweden: G. Boman, C. Janson, E. Bjornsson, L. Rosenhall, E. Norrman, B. Lundback, N. Lindholm, P. Plaschke, Switzerland: U. Ackermann Liebrich, N. Kunzli, A. Perruchoud, UK: M. Burr, J. Layzell, R. Hall, B. Harrison, J. Stark, USA: S. Buist, W. Vollmer, M. Osborne, BUCCA, Caterina, ROMANO, CanzioGet access
Published 1999
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129by Počta, Filip, 1859-1924. Über einige Spongien aus dem Dogger des Fünfkirchner Gebirges. 1886., Rauff, Hermann, 1853-1942. Ueber angebliche Spongien aus dem Archaicum. 1893., Steinmann, G. (Gustav), 1856-1929. Ueber Protetraclis Linki n.f., eine Lithistide des Malms. 1881., Linck, Gottlob Eduard, 1858-1947. Zwei neue Spongiengattungen. 1883., Hinde, George Jennings, 1839-1918. Notes on fossil Calcispongiae, with descriptions of new species. 1882., Zittel, Karl Alfred von, 1839-1904. Beiträge zur Systematik der fossilen Spongien. 1879., Hinde, George Jennings, 1839-1918. On a true Leuconid Calcisponge from the Middle Lias of Northamptonshire . 1889., Hinde, George Jennings, 1839-1918. On Archaeocyathus, Billings, and on other genera, allied to or associated with it, from the Cambrian strata of North America, Spain, Sardinia, and Scotland. 1889., Hinde, George Jennings, 1839-1918. On some new species of Uruguaya, Carter, with remarks on the genus. 1888., Hinde, George Jennings, 1839-1918. On the genus Hindia, Duncan, and the name of its typical species. 1887., Hinde, George Jennings, 1839-1918. On the history and characters of the genus Septastraea, D'Orbigny (1849), and the identity of its type species with that of Glyphastraea, Duncan (1887). 1883., Hinde, George Jennings, 1839-1918. On the chert and Siliceous schists of the Permo-Carboniferous strata of Spitzbergen . 1888., Rauff, Hermann, 1853-1942. Ueber die Gattung Hindia Dunc. 1886., Rauff, Hermann, 1853-1942. Vorläufige Mittheilung über das Skelet der Anomocladinen . 1891., Schlüter, Clemens August, 1835?-1906. Ueber die Spongitarien-Baenke der oberen Quadraten- und unteren Mukronaten-Schichten der Münsterlandes. 1872., Počta, Filip, 1859-1924. Uiber isolirte Kieselspongiennadeln aus der böhm. Kreideformation. 1884., Počta, Filip, 1859-1924. Über isolirte Kieselspongiennadeln aus der böhm. Kreideformation. 1883.Get access
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130Contributors: “...Torta, J. M.; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain f) Observatori de l'Ebre...”
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131Contributors: “...Garcìa, A.; Departamento de Volcanología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain...”
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132by Comesaña, Angel S, Abella, Paz, Sanjuan, AndrésContributors: “...Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior e Investigación Científica, MEC, Spain...”
Published in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (2003)
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133by FRAIJA-FERNÁNDEZ, NATALIA, RAMOS-ESPLÁ, ALFONSO A., RADUÁN, MARÍA ÁNGELES, BLANCO, CARMEN, RAGA, JUAN ANTONIO, AZNAR, FRANCISCO JAVIERContributors: “...Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain...”
Published in Mediterranean Marine Science (2018)
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134by Somoza, Luis, Rueda, José L., Sánchez-Guillamón, Olga, Medialdea, Teresa, Rincón-Tomás, Blanca, González, Francisco J., Palomino, Desirée, Madureira, Pedro, López-Pamo, Enrique, Fernández-Salas, Luis M., Santofimia, Esther, León, Ricardo, Marino, Egidio, Fernández-Puga, María del Carmen, Vázquez, Juan T.Contributors: “...Somoza, Luis; Marine Geology Division, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003...”
Published in Oceans (2021)
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135by Torta, J. M., Marsal, S., Riddick, J. C., Vilella, C., Altadill, D., Blanch, E., Cid, O., Curto, J. J., De Santis, A., Gaya-Piqué, L. R., Mauricio, J., Pijoan, J. L., Solé, J. G., Ugalde, A.Contributors: “...Torta, J. M.; Observatori de l’Ebre, CSIC - Universitat Ramon Llull, Roquetes, Spain...”
Published 2009
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136Contributors: “...Almendros, J.; University of Granada, Spain...”
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137by Alguacil, G., Almendros, J. C., Del Pezzo, E., Garcia, A., Ibañez, J. M., La Rocca, M., Morales, J., Ortiz, R.Contributors: “...Alguacil, G.; Instituto Andaluz de Geofisica, Universidad de Granada, Spain...”
Published 1999
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138by Machado M.J., Botero B.A., López J., Francés F., Díez-Herrero A., Benito G.Contributors: “..., Serrano 115 bis, Madrid, Spain...”
Published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (2015)
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139Contributors: “...Ibanez, J.; University of Granada, Spain...”
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140Contributors: “...Ministerio de Economía y Competividad (Spain)...”
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