Spain
![Celtic castro in Galicia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg)
In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celts, Iberians, and other pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was invaded by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred on Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation-state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration of the New World, made the first circumnavigation of the globe and formed one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish empire reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. In the 18th century, the Bourbon reforms centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious Spanish War of independence, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and it is the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. A developed country, it is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
-
601by Lidour, Kevin, Beech, Mark JonathanContributors: “...Universidad de Cantabria Santander = University of Cantabria Spain = Université de Cantabrie...”
Published in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2020)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
602by Lidour, Kevin, Beech, Mark JonathanContributors: “...Universidad de Cantabria Santander = University of Cantabria Spain = Université de Cantabrie...”
Published in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2020)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
603by Lidour, Kevin, Beech, Mark JonathanContributors: “...Universidad de Cantabria Santander = University of Cantabria Spain = Université de Cantabrie...”
Published in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2020)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
604by Gauthier, Emilie, Currás, Andrés, Massa, Charly, Guillemot, Typhaine, Richard, Hervé, Bichet, VincentContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Geosciences (2023)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
605by Gauthier, Emilie, Currás, Andrés, Massa, Charly, Guillemot, Typhaine, Richard, Hervé, Bichet, VincentContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Geosciences (2023)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
606by Gauthier, Emilie, Currás, Andrés, Massa, Charly, Guillemot, Typhaine, Richard, Hervé, Bichet, VincentContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Geosciences (2023)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
607by Brea, S., Álvarez-Salgado, X. A., Álvarez, M., Pérez, Fiz F., Mémery, Laurent, Mercier, Herlé, Messias, Marie-JoséContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2004)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
608by Omori, Y., Giannantonio, T., Porredon, A., Baxter, E. J., Chang, C., Crocce, M., Fosalba, P., Alarcon, A., Banik, N., Blazek, J., Bleem, L. E., Bridle, S. L., Cawthon, R., Choi, A., Chown, R., Crawford, T., Dodelson, S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Eifler, T. F., Elvin-Poole, J., Friedrich, O., Gruen, D., Holder, G. P., Huterer, D., Jain, B., Jarvis, M., Kirk, D., Kokron, N., Krause, E., MacCrann, N., Muir, J., Prat, J., Reichardt, C. L., Ross, A. J., Rozo, E., Rykoff, E. S., Sánchez, C., Secco, L. F., Simard, G., Wechsler, R. H., Zuntz, J., Abbott, T. M. C., Abdalla, F. B., Allam, S., Avila, S., Aylor, K., Benson, B. A., Bernstein, G. M., Bertin, E., Bianchini, F.Contributors: “...Ministry of Science and Education of Spain...”
Published in Physical Review D (2019)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
609by Omori, Y., Baxter, E. J., Chang, C., Kirk, D., Alarcon, A., Bernstein, G. M., Bleem, L. E., Cawthon, R., Choi, A., Chown, R., Crawford, T. M., Davis, C., De Vicente, J., DeRose, J., Dodelson, S., Eifler, T. F., Fosalba, P., Friedrich, O., Gatti, M., Gaztanaga, E., Giannantonio, T., Gruen, D., Hartley, W. G., Holder, G. P., Hoyle, B., Huterer, D., Jain, B., Jarvis, M., Krause, E., MacCrann, N., Miquel, R., Prat, J., Rau, M. M., Reichardt, C. L., Rozo, E., Samuroff, S., Sánchez, C., Secco, L. F., Sheldon, E., Simard, G., Troxel, M. A., Vielzeuf, P., Wechsler, R. H., Zuntz, J., Abbott, T. M. C., Abdalla, F. B., Allam, S., Annis, J., Avila, S., Aylor, K.Contributors: “...Ministry of Science and Education of Spain...”
Published in Physical Review D (2019)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
610by Lidour, Kevin, Beech, Mark JonathanContributors: “...Universidad de Cantabria Santander = University of Cantabria Spain = Université de Cantabrie...”
Published in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2020)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
611by Lidour, Kevin, Beech, Mark JonathanContributors: “...Universidad de Cantabria Santander = University of Cantabria Spain = Université de Cantabrie...”
Published in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (2020)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
612by Brea, S., Álvarez-Salgado, X. A., Álvarez, M., Pérez, Fiz F., Mémery, Laurent, Mercier, Herlé, Messias, Marie-JoséContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2004)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
613by Bernhardsdottir, A., Thorvaldsdottir, S., Sigbjornsson, R., Musacchio, G., Nave, R., Falsaperla, S., Sansivero, F., Zonno, G., Sousa, M. L., Carvalho, A., Raposo, S., Ferreira, M. A., Nunes, J.C., Jimenez, M. J.Contributors: “...Jimenez, M. J.; Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC-IGEO), Spain...”
Published 2012
Get access
Conference Object -
614by Virgili, Auriane, Hedon, Laura, Authier, Matthieu, Calmettes, Beatriz, Claridge, Diane, Cole, Tim, Corkeron, Peter, Dorémus, Ghislain, Dunn, Charlotte, Dunn, Tim, Laran, Sophie, Lehodey, Patrick, Lewis, Mark, Louzao, Maite, Mannocci, Laura, Martínez-Cedeira, José, Monestiez, Pascal, Palka, Debra, Pettex, Emeline, Roberts, Jason, Ruiz, Leire, Saavedra, Camilo, Santos, M. Begoña, van Canneyt, Olivier, Bonales, José Antonio Vázquez, Ridoux, VincentContributors: “...AMBAR Elkartea Organisation Bizkaia, Spain...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
615by Barker, F. Keith, Bell, James J., Bogdanowicz, Steven M., Bonatto, S.L., Cézilly, Frank, Collins, Sarah M., Dubreuil, Christine, Dufort, Matthew J., Eraud, Cyril, Fuseya, Reiko, Heap, E.A., Jacobsen, N., Madders, M., Mcewing, R., Michel, Andrew P., Mougeot, F., Ogden, R.S., Orantes, Lucia C., Othman, A.S., Parent, Eric, Pulido-Santacruz, P., Rioux-Paré, Rachel, Roberts, M.F., Rosazlina, R., Sakamoto, Takashi, Salinas De-León, Pelayo, Sévigny, Jean-Marie, St-Onge, Philippe, Terraube, J., Tingay, R.E., Tremblay, Réjean, Watanabe, Seiichi, Wattier, Rémi A.Contributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Molecular Ecology Resources (2011)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
616by Bashir, Alexandra, Kristin, Wink, Lisa, Duller, Stefanie, Schwendner, Petra, Cockell, Charles, Rettberg, Petra, Mahnert, Alexander, Beblo-Vranesevic, Kristina, Bohmeier, Maria, Rabbow, Elke, Gaboyer, Frederic, Westall, Frances, Walter, Nicolas, Cabezas, Patricia, Garcia-Descalzo, Laura, Gomez, Felipe, Malki, Mustapha, Amils, Ricardo, Ehrenfreund, Pascale, Monaghan, Euan, Vannier, Pauline, Marteinsson, Viggo, Erlacher, Armin, Tanski, George, Strauss, Jens, Bashir, Mina, Riedo, Andreas, Moissl-Eichinger, ChristineContributors: “... España = Spanish National Research Council Spain (CSIC)...”
Published in Microbiome (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
617by Bashir, Alexandra, Kristin, Wink, Lisa, Duller, Stefanie, Schwendner, Petra, Cockell, Charles, Rettberg, Petra, Mahnert, Alexander, Beblo-Vranesevic, Kristina, Bohmeier, Maria, Rabbow, Elke, Gaboyer, Frederic, Westall, Frances, Walter, Nicolas, Cabezas, Patricia, Garcia-Descalzo, Laura, Gomez, Felipe, Malki, Mustapha, Amils, Ricardo, Ehrenfreund, Pascale, Monaghan, Euan, Vannier, Pauline, Marteinsson, Viggo, Erlacher, Armin, Tanski, George, Strauss, Jens, Bashir, Mina, Riedo, Andreas, Moissl-Eichinger, ChristineContributors: “... España = Spanish National Research Council Spain (CSIC)...”
Published in Microbiome (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
618by Saiz, Hugo, Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann, Gross, Nicolas, Maestre, FernandoContributors: “...Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología SPAIN...”
Published in Journal of Ecology (2019)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
619by Saiz, Hugo, Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann, Gross, Nicolas, Maestre, FernandoContributors: “...Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología SPAIN...”
Published in Journal of Ecology (2019)
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
620by Krause-Jensen, D., Duarte, Carlos M., Hendriks, I. E., Meire, L., Blicher, M. E., Marbà, N., Sejr, M. K.Contributors: “... Avanzados, Miquel Marqués 21, Esporles, Spain...”
Published 2015
Get access
Get access
Dataset