Spain
Spain,, }} formally the Kingdom of Spain,}} is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa. It is the largest country in Southern Europe and the fourth-most populous European Union member state. Spanning across the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, its territory also includes the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla in Africa. Peninsular Spain is bordered to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and Gibraltar; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid, and other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Zaragoza, Seville, Málaga, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Bilbao.In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celtic and Iberian tribes, along with other local pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was invaded by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred on Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation-state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration of the New World, made the first circumnavigation of the globe and formed one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish empire reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. The 18th century was marked by extensive reforms and, notably, the Bourbon reforms centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious Spanish War of independence, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. Spain is one of the main nations of Latin Europe and a cultural superpower. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and it is the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP (fourth of the European Union) and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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421by Kürten, Nathalie, Schmaljohann, Heiko, Bichet, Coraline, Haest, Birgen, Vedder, Oscar, González-Solís, Jacob, Bouwhuis, SandraContributors: “...Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat and Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Barcelona, Spain...”
Published in Movement Ecology (2022)
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422by Casal, Paulo, Castro-Jiménez, Javier, Pizarro, Mariana, Katsoyiannis, Athanasios, Dachs, JordiContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2018)
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423by Casal, Paulo, Castro-Jiménez, Javier, Pizarro, Mariana, Katsoyiannis, Athanasios, Dachs, JordiContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2018)
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424by Taktak, Wafa, Nasri, Rim, Lopez-Rubio, Amparo, Hamdi, Marwa, Gomez-Mascaraque, Laura, Ben Amor, Nadia, Kabadou, Ahlem, Li, S.M., Nasri, Moncef, Karra-Chaâbouni, MahaContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Materials Science and Engineering: C (2019)
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425by Deng, Feifei, Henderson, Gideon M., Castrillejo, Maxi, Pérez, Fiz F., Steinfeldt, ReinerContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Biogeosciences (2018)
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426by Inamdar, Swaleha, Tinel, Liselotte, Chance, Rosie, Carpenter, Lucy, Sabu, Prabhakaran, Chacko, Racheal, Tripathy, Sarat, Kerkar, Anvita, Sinha, Alok, Bhaskar, Parli Venkateswaran, Sarkar, Amit, Roy, Rajdeep, Sherwen, Tomás, Cuevas, Carlos, Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso, Ram, Kirpa, Mahajan, AnoopContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2020)
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427by Zwirglmaier, Katrin, Jardillier, Ludwig, Ostrowski, Martin, Mazard, Sophie, Garczarek, Laurence, Vaulot, Daniel, Not, Fabrice, Massana, Ramon, Ulloa, Osvaldo, Scanlan, DaveContributors: “... de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain...”
Published in Environmental Microbiology (2008)
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428by Lherminier, P., Mercier, H., Gourcuff, C., Alvarez, M., Bacon, S., Kermabon, C.Contributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research (2007)
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429by Europäische KommissionContributors: “...GALLUP SPAIN, Madrid, Spain...”
Published 2011
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430by Europäische KommissionContributors: “...GALLUP SPAIN, Spain...”
Published 2011
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431by Dañobeitia, Juan, Favali, Paolo, Beranzoli, Laura, Berry, Alan, Blandin, Jérôme, Cannat, Mathilde, Carapuço, Mafalda, Castro, Ayoze, Coppola, Laurent, Delory, Eric, Del Rio Fernandez, Joaquin, Embriaco, Davide, Fer, Ilker, Ferré, Bénédicte, Fredella, Maria, Gates, Andrew, Giuntini, Alessandra, Hartman, Susan, Lantéri, Nadine, Marinaro, Giuditta, Materia, Paola, Petihakis, George, Radulescu, Vlad, Rodero, Ivan, Sarradin, Pierre-Marie, Stroynowski, ZuziaContributors: “...Marine Tech. Unit-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain...”
Published 2021
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432by Daniels, Chris J., Poulton, Alex J., Balch, William M., Marañon, Emilio, Bowler, Bruce C., Cermeño, Pedro, Charalampopoulou, Anastasia, Crawford, David W., Drapeau, Dave, Feng, Yuanyuan, Fernández, Ana, Fernández, Emilio, Fragoso, Glaucia M., González, Natalia, Graziano, Lisa M., Heslop, Rachel, Holligan, Patrick M., Hopkins, Jason, Huete-Ortega, María, Hutchins, David A., Lam, Phoebe J., Lipsen, Michael S., López-Sandoval, Daffne C., Loucaides, Socratis, Marchetti, Adrian, Mayers, Kyle M. J., Rees, Andrew P., Sobrino, Cristina, Tynan, Eithne, Tyrrell, TobyContributors: “...Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, 36310, , Spain...”
Published in Earth System Science Data (2018)
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433by Klemetti, Seija, Leino-Kilpi, Helena, Cabrera, Esther, Copanitsanou, Panagiota, Ingadottir, Brynja, Istomina, Natalja, Katajisto, Jouko, Papastavrou, Evridiki, Unosson, Mitra, Valkeapää, KirsiContributors: “... of Southwest Finland, Finland. 3Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Spain. 4University of Athens, Greece. 5...”
Published in Clinical Nursing Research (2014)
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434by Rodríguez-Ramilo, Silvia Teresa, de La Herrán, Roberto, Ruiz-Rejón, Carmelo, Hermida, Miguel, Fernández, Carlos, Pereiro, Patricia, Figueras, Antonio, Bouza, Carmen, Toro, Miguel A., Martínez, Paulino, Fernández, JesúsContributors: “...Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain (USC )...”
Published in Marine Biotechnology (2014)
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435by Eguíluz, Victor M., Fernández-Gracia, Juan, Irigoien, Xabier, Duarte, Carlos M.Contributors: “... Mallorca, Spain...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2016)
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436by Rebesco, M, Urgeles, R., Özmaral, A., Hanebuth, T. J. J., Lantzsch, H., Caburlotto, A., Hörner, T., Llopart, J., Lucchi, R. G., Nicolaisen, L. S., Osti, G., SABBATINI, ANNAContributors: “...J. A. Dowdeswell, University of Cambridge, UK M. Canals, University of Barcelona, Spain M...”
Published in Geological Society, London, Memoirs (2016)
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437by Sauser, C., Angelier, F., Blévin, P., Chastel, O., Gabrielsen, G.W., Jouanneau, W., Kato, A., Moe, B., Ramírez, F., Tartu, S., Descamps, S.Contributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (2023)
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438by Quattrini, Andrea, M, Herrera, Santiago, Adams, J. Mike, Grinyó, Jordi, Allcock, A. Louise, Shuler, Andrew, Wirshing, Herman, H, Cordes, Erik, E, Mcfadden, Catherine, SContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2022)
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439by Quattrini, Andrea, M, Herrera, Santiago, Adams, J. Mike, Grinyó, Jordi, Allcock, A. Louise, Shuler, Andrew, Wirshing, Herman, H, Cordes, Erik, E, Mcfadden, Catherine, SContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2022)
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440by Machado-Gaye, A., Kato, A., Chimienti, M., Gobel, N., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Barbosa, A., Soutullo, A.Contributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Marine Biology (2024)
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