Spain
Spain,, }} formally the Kingdom of Spain,}} is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa. It is the largest country in Southern Europe and the fourth-most populous European Union member state. Spanning across the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, its territory also includes the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla in Africa. Peninsular Spain is bordered to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and Gibraltar; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid, and other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Zaragoza, Seville, Málaga, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Bilbao.In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celtic and Iberian tribes, along with other local pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was invaded by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred on Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation-state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration of the New World, made the first circumnavigation of the globe and formed one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish empire reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. The 18th century was marked by extensive reforms and, notably, the Bourbon reforms centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious Spanish War of independence, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. Spain is one of the main nations of Latin Europe and a cultural superpower. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and it is the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP (fourth of the European Union) and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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381Contributors: “... Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Mallorca, Spain...”
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382by Esteban, Ruth, Verborgh, Philippe, Gauffier, Pauline, Giménez, Joan, Guinet, Christophe, de Stephanis, RenaudContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Biological Conservation (2016)
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383by Moor, R.A. de, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant * Tilburg, Harding, S.D., Nene College, Dept. of psychology * England, Kerkhofs, J., Katholieke Universiteit Leuven * Leuven, Belgium (primary investigator)Contributors: “... * Amsterdam, the NetherlandsData sa * SpainInstitut für Demoskopie * Allensbach, Germany (data collector)...”
Published 1981
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384by Europäische KommissionContributors: “...GALLUP SPAIN, Spain...”
Published 2011
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385by Europäische KommissionContributors: “...GALLUP SPAIN, Madrid, Spain...”
Published 2011
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386by Zonno, G., Rotondi, R., Oliveira, C. S., Carvalho, A., Garcia-Fernandez, M., Sigbjörnsson, R., Working Group, UPStrat-MAFAContributors: “...Garcia-Fernandez, M.; Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Spain...”
Published 2012
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387by Europäische KommissionContributors: “...GALLUP SPAIN, Spain...”
Published 2011
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388by Descamps, Sébastien, Ramirez, Francisco, Benjaminsen, Sigurd, Anker‐nilssen, Tycho, Barrett, Robert, Burr, Zofia, Christensen‐dalsgaard, Signe, Erikstad, Kjell‐einar, Irons, David, Lorentsen, Svein‐håkon, Mallory, Mark, Robertson, Gregory, J, Reiertsen, Tone Kirstin, Strøm, Hallvard, Varpe, Øystein, Lavergne, SébastienContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2019)
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389by Descamps, Sébastien, Ramirez, Francisco, Benjaminsen, Sigurd, Anker‐nilssen, Tycho, Barrett, Robert, Burr, Zofia, Christensen‐dalsgaard, Signe, Erikstad, Kjell‐einar, Irons, David, Lorentsen, Svein‐håkon, Mallory, Mark, Robertson, Gregory, J, Reiertsen, Tone Kirstin, Strøm, Hallvard, Varpe, Øystein, Lavergne, SébastienContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2019)
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390by Matias, Ricardo, Guímaro, Hugo, Bustamante, Paco, Seco, José, Chipev, Nesho, Fragão, Joana, Tavares, Sílvia, Ceia, Filipe, Pereira, Maria, Barbosa, Andrés, Xavier, JoséContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2022)
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391by Alves, Luís M.F., Lemos, Marco F.L., Moutinho, Ariana, Ceia, Filipe, Muñoz-Arnanz, Juan, Jiménez, Begoña, Cabral, Henrique, Novais, SaraContributors: “...institute of organic chemistry (IQOG-GSIC), Madrid, Spain (IQOC-CSIC)...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2023)
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392by Pinedo-González, Paulina, West, A. Joshua, Tovar-Sanchez, Antonio, Duarte, Carlos M., Sañudo-Wilhelmy, Sergio A.Contributors: “...), Puerto Real, Cádiz, , Spain...”
Published in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (2018)
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393Increasing the applicability of gentle soil remediation methods : lessons from the Greenland projectby Puschenreiter, Markus, Mench, Michel, Bert, Valérie, Kumpiene, Jurate, Kidd, Petra, Cundy, AndrewContributors: “...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas España = Spanish National Research Council Spain...”
Published 2014
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394by Virgili, Auriane, Hedon, Laura, Authier, Matthieu, Calmettes, Beatriz, Claridge, Diane, Cole, Tim, Corkeron, Peter, Dorémus, Ghislain, Dunn, Charlotte, Dunn, Tim, Laran, Sophie, Lehodey, Patrick, Lewis, Mark, Louzao, Maite, Mannocci, Laura, Martínez-Cedeira, José, Monestiez, Pascal, Palka, Debra, Pettex, Emeline, Roberts, Jason, Ruiz, Leire, Saavedra, Camilo, Santos, M. Begoña, van Canneyt, Olivier, Bonales, José Antonio Vázquez, Ridoux, VincentContributors: “...AMBAR Elkartea Organisation Bizkaia, Spain...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2021)
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395by Virgili, Auriane, Hedon, Laura, Authier, Matthieu, Calmettes, Beatriz, Claridge, Diane, Cole, Tim, Corkeron, Peter, Dorémus, Ghislain, Dunn, Charlotte, Dunn, Tim, Laran, Sophie, Lehodey, Patrick, Lewis, Mark, Louzao, Maite, Mannocci, Laura, Martínez-Cedeira, José, Monestiez, Pascal, Palka, Debra, Pettex, Emeline, Roberts, Jason, Ruiz, Leire, Saavedra, Camilo, Santos, M. Begoña, van Canneyt, Olivier, Bonales, José Antonio Vázquez, Ridoux, VincentContributors: “...AMBAR Elkartea Organisation Bizkaia, Spain...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2021)
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396by Virgili, Auriane, Hedon, Laura, Authier, Matthieu, Calmettes, Beatriz, Claridge, Diane, Cole, Tim, Corkeron, Peter, Dorémus, Ghislain, Dunn, Charlotte, Dunn, Tim, Laran, Sophie, Lehodey, Patrick, Lewis, Mark, Louzao, Maite, Mannocci, Laura, Martínez-Cedeira, José, Monestiez, Pascal, Palka, Debra, Pettex, Emeline, Roberts, Jason, Ruiz, Leire, Saavedra, Camilo, Santos, M. Begoña, van Canneyt, Olivier, Bonales, José Antonio Vázquez, Ridoux, VincentContributors: “...AMBAR Elkartea Organisation Bizkaia, Spain...”
Published in PLOS ONE (2021)
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397by de Grissac, Sophie, Bartumeus, Frederic, Cox, Samantha L., Weimerskirch, HenriContributors: “...Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC) Spain...”
Published in Ecology and Evolution (2017)
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398by Marti, Elisa, Martin, Cecilia, Galli, Matteo, Echevarría, Fidel, Duarte, Carlos M., Cozar, A.Contributors: “... Universitario de Investigaciones Marinas (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, E11510 Puerto Real, Spain....”
Published in Environmental Science & Technology (2020)
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399by Grandis, S, Mohr, J J, Costanzi, M, Saro, A, Bocquet, S, Klein, M, Aguena, M, Allam, S, Annis, J, Ansarinejad, B, Bacon, D, Bertin, E, Bleem, L, Brooks, D, Burke, D L, Carnero Rosel, A, Carrasco Kind, M, Carretero, J, Castander, F J, Choi, A, da Costa, L N, De Vincente, J, Desai, S, Diehl, H T, Dietrich, J P, Doel, P, Eifler, T F, Everett, S, Ferrero, I, Floyd, B, Fosalba, P, Frieman, J, García-Bellido, J, Gaztanaga, E, Gruen, D, Gruendl, R A, Gschwend, J, Gupta, N, Gutierrez, G, Hinton, S R, Hollowood, D L, Honscheid, K, James, D J, Jeltema, T, Kuehn, K, Lahav, O, Lidman, C, Lima, M, Maia, M A G, March, MContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Education of Spain...”
Published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2021)
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400by Garcia-Garin, Odei, Sahyoun, Wissam, Net-David-Buytaert, Sopheak, Vighi, M., Aguilar, A., Ouddane, Baghdad, Víkingsson, G. A., Chosson, V., Borrell, A.Contributors: “...Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute Barcelona, Spain IRBio UB...”
Published 2024
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