Spain
![Celtic castro in Galicia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg)
In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celtic and Iberian tribes, along with other local pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred in Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation-state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration of the New World, made the first circumnavigation of the globe and formed one of the largest empires in history. The Spanish empire reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. The 18th century was marked by extensive reforms and, notably, the Bourbon reforms centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious Spanish War of independence, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. Spain is one of the main nations of Latin Europe and a cultural superpower. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and it is the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP (fourth of the European Union) and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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201by Sanz-Martín, Marina, Chierici, Melissa, Mesa, Elena, Carrillo-de-Albornoz, Paloma, Delgado-Huertas, Antonio, Agusti, Susana, Reigstad, Marit, Kristiansen, Svein, Wassmann, Paul F. J., Duarte, Carlos M.Contributors: “...Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, , , Spain...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2018)
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202by Wierzchos, J., Ascaso, C., Ager, F.J., García-Orellana, I., Carmona-Luque, A., Respaldiza, M.Á.Contributors: “...Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Sevilla, Spain...”
Published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms (2006)
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203by Gabrielsen, Kristin Møller, Krokstad, Julie Stene, Villanger, Gro Dehli, Blair, David A.D., Obregon, Maria-Jesus, Sonne, Christian, Dietz, Rune, Letcher, Robert J., Jenssen, Bjørn MunroContributors: “...CAM, Spain...”
Published in Environmental Research (2015)
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204by Somoza, Luis, León, Ricardo, Medialdea, Teresa, Pérez, Lara F., González, Francisco J., Maldonado, AndrésContributors: “...Spain's Antarctic Research Programme...”
Published in Global and Planetary Change (2014)
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205by Leblans, Niki I. W., Sigurdsson, Bjarni D., Vicca, Sara, Fu, Yongshuo, Penuelas, Josep, Janssens, Ivan A.Contributors: “...CREAF, Catalonia, Spain....”
Published in Global Change Biology (2017)
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206by Fučkar, Neven S., Guemas, Virginie, Johnson, Nathaniel C., Massonnet, François, Doblas-Reyes, Francisco J.Contributors: “...Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain...”
Published in Climate Dynamics (2015)
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207by Lasne, Emilien, Acou, Anthony, Vila-Gispert, Anna, Laffaille, PascalContributors: “...Universitat de Girona - UdG (SPAIN)...”
Published in Ecology of Freshwater Fish (2008)
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208by Maldonado, Andrés, Bohoyo, Fernando, Galindo-Zaldívar, Jesús, Hernández-Molina, Fº. Javier, Lobo, Francisco J., Lodolo, Emanuele, Martos, Yasmina M., Pérez, Lara F., Schreider, Anatoly A., Somoza, LuisContributors: “...Spain's Antarctic Research Program...”
Published in Global and Planetary Change (2014)
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209by García‐Ruiz, José M., Valero‐Garcés, Blas L., Martí‐Bono, Carlos, González‐Sampériz, PenélopeContributors: “...Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (Spain)...”
Published in Journal of Quaternary Science (2002)
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210by Sanz-Martín, Marina, Vernet, María, Cape, Mattias R., Mesa, Elena, Delgado-Huertas, Antonio, Reigstad, Marit, Wassmann, Paul, Duarte, Carlos M.Contributors: “...Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA-CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain...”
Published in Frontiers in Marine Science (2020)
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211by Ibanez, J. M., Díaz-Moreno, A., Prudencio, J., Patanè, D., Zuccarello, L., Cocina, O., Luhr, B., Carrión, F., Coltelli, M., Bruno, P. P. M., Bianco, F., Hellweg, M., Abreu, R., Alguacil, G., Álvarez, I., Aranda, C., Benítez, C., Buontempo, L., Feriche, M., García, L., García-Quiroga, D., Martín, J. B., Morales, J., Serrano, I., Titos, M., Urbano, L., Aiesi, G., Azzaro, R., Barberi, G., Cantarero, M., Cappuccio, P., Cavallaro, D., Contrafatto, D., Di Prima, S., Falsaperla, S., Firetto Carlino, M., Giampiccolo, E., Graziano, L., Musumeci, C., Paratore, M., Pellegrino, D., Pulvirenti, M., Rapisarda, S., Sassano, M., Scarfì, L., Scuderi, L., Sicali, A., Tusa, G., Tuvè, T., Del Pezzo, E.Contributors: “...Ibanez, J. M.; Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain...”
Published in Annals of Geophysics (2016)
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212by Cabrera-Brufau, Miguel, Marrasé, Cèlia, Ortega-Retuerta, Eva, Nunes, Sdena, Estrada, Marta, Sala, M Montserrat, Vaqué, Dolors, Pérez, Gonzalo L, Simó, Rafel, Cermeño, PedroContributors: “..., Spain...”
Published in Science of The Total Environment (2022)
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213by Cáceres, Carlos, Rivera, Antonella, González, Sonia, Anadón, RicardoContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain...”
Published in Progress in Oceanography (2017)
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214by de Pedro-Cuesta, J, Gudmundsson, G, Abraira, V, Löve, A, Tulinius, H, Veiga, J, Almazán, J, Petersen, I J, Europarkinson Preparatory Activity Research GroupContributors: “..., Madrid, Spain....”
Published in International Journal of Epidemiology (2010)
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215by Cardona, Luis, Lloret-Lloret, Elena, Moles, Juan, Avila, ConxitaContributors: “...Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation...”
Published in Marine Environmental Research (2021)
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216by Dubey, Jitender P., Sykes, Jane E., Shelton, G. Diane, Sharp, Nick, Verma, Shiv K., Calero‐Bernal, Rafael, Viviano, Jenifer, Sundar, Natarajan, Khan, Asis, Grigg, Michael E.Contributors: “...Department of Employment and Innovation of the Regional Government of Extremadura, Spain...”
Published in Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology (2014)
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217by Abás, Elisa, Marina-Montes, César, Laguna, Mariano, Lasheras, Roberto, Rivas, Patricia, Peribáñez, Pablo, del Valle, Javier, Escudero, Miguel, Velásquez, Abrahan, Cáceres, Jorge O., Pérez-Arribas, Luis Vicente, Anzano, JesúsContributors: “...Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation...”
Published in Chemosphere (2022)
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218by Menéndez, Daniel, Álvarez, Almudena, Acle, Susana, Peón, Paloma, Ardura, Alba, Garcia-Vazquez, EvaContributors: “...Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2022)
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219by Acosta Navarro, J C, García-Serrano, J, Lapin, V, Ortega, PContributors: “...Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación - Spain...”
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2022)
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220Contributors: “...Folch, A. D.; Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain...”
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