Singapore
![Letter from [[William Farquhar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg)
Singapore's history dates back at least eight hundred years, having been a maritime emporium known as ''Temasek'' and subsequently a major constituent part of several successive thalassocratic empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepôt trading post of the British Empire. In 1867, Singapore came under the direct control of Britain as part of the Straits Settlements. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan in 1942 and returned to British control as a separate Crown colony following Japan's surrender in 1945. Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and, in 1963, became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak. Ideological differences led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; Singapore became an independent sovereign country in 1965.
After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers. With its growth based on international trade and economic globalisation, it integrated itself with the world economy through free trade with minimal trade barriers and tariffs, export-oriented industrialisation, and the large accumulation of received foreign direct investments, foreign exchange reserves, and assets held by sovereign wealth funds. As a highly developed country, it has one of the highest GDP per capita (PPP) in the world. Identified as a tax haven, Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit rating from all major rating agencies. It is a major aviation, financial, and maritime shipping hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the most expensive cities to live in for expatriates and foreign workers. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: education, healthcare, quality of life, personal safety, infrastructure, and housing, with a home-ownership rate of 88 percent. Singaporeans enjoy one of the longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds, lowest infant mortality rates, and lowest levels of corruption in the world.
Singapore is a parliamentary republic in the Westminster tradition of unicameral parliamentary government, and its legal system is based on common law. While the country is ''de jure'' a multi-party democracy with free elections, the government under the People's Action Party (PAP) wields widespread control and political dominance. The PAP has governed the country continuously since full internal self-government was achieved in 1959, and holds a supermajority in Parliament. One of the five founding members of ASEAN, Singapore is also the headquarters of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Secretariat, and is the host city of many international conferences and events. Singapore is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations. Provided by Wikipedia
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4by Estop‐Aragonés, Cristian, Olefeldt, David, Abbott, Benjamin W., Chanton, Jeffrey P., Czimczik, Claudia I., Dean, Joshua F., Egan, Jocelyn E., Gandois, Laure, Garnett, Mark H., Hartley, Iain P., Hoyt, Alison, Lupascu, Massimo, Natali, Susan M., O'Donnell, Jonathan A., Raymond, Peter A., Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tank, Suzanne E., Schuur, Edward A. G., Turetsky, Merritt, Anthony, Katey Walter, 1 Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton Canada, 3 Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT USA, 4 Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA, 5 Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine CA USA, 6 School of Environmental Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK, 7 Department of Earth Sciences Dalhousie University Halifax Canada, 8 Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement Université de Toulouse, CNRS Toulouse France, 9 NEIF Radiocarbon Laboratory, Scottish Enterprise Technology Park, Rankine Avenue East Kilbride UK, 10 Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK, 11 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany, 12 Department of Geography National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore, 13 Woodwell Climate Research Center Falmouth MA USA, 14 National Park Service, Arctic Network Anchorage AK USA, 15 Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies New Haven CT USA, 16 Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK, 17 Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Canada, 18 Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA, 19 Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Canada, 20 Water and Environmental Research Center University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USAGet access
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2020)
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5by Megan D. Willis (Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Heiko Bozem (Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz), Daniel Kunkel (Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz), Alex K. Y. Lee (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore), Hannes Schulz (Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research), Julia Burkart (Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna), Amir A. Aliabadi (School of Engineering, University of Guelph), Andreas B. Herber (Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research), W. Richard Leaitch (Environment and Climate Change Canada), Jonathan P. D. Abbatt (Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto)Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2019)
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6by Li, Tanghua, Khan, Nicole, Baranskaya, Alisa, Shaw, Timothy, Peltier, W Richard, Stuhne, Gordan, Wu, Patrick, Horton, Benjamin PContributors: “...Ministry of Education - Singapore...”
Published 2020
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7by Murty, S. A., Bernstein, W. N., Ossolinski, J. E., Davis, R. S., Goodkin, N. F., Hughen, K. A.Contributors: “...Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University; Singapore...”
Published in Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology (2018)
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8by Yang, Huiying, Gözaydın, Gökalp, Nasaruddin, Ricca Rahman, Har, Jie Ren Gerald, Chen, Xi, Wang, Xiaonan, Yan, NingContributors: “...Ministry of Education - Singapore...”
Published in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering (2019)
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9by Bale, Nicole J., Airs, Ruth L., Martin, Patrick, Lampitt, Richard S., Llewellyn, Carole A.Contributors: “...Ministry of Education - Singapore...”
Published in Marine Chemistry (2015)
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10by Veluswamy, Hari Prakash, Hong, Qi Wei, Linga, PraveenContributors: “...Energy Market Authority of Singapore...”
Published in Crystal Growth & Design (2016)
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11by Zhang, Ye, Zhao, Jie, Bhattacharjee, Gaurav, Xu, Huanzhi, Yang, Mingjun, Kumar, Rajnish, Linga, PraveenContributors: “...Ministry of Education - Singapore...”
Published in Energy & Environmental Science (2022)
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12by Yan, Jia-Bao, Liu, Xue-Mei, Liew, J.Y. Richard, Qian, Xudong, Zhang, Min-HongContributors: “...Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore...”
Published in Materials & Design (2016)
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13by Baranskaya, Alisa V., Khan, Nicole S., Romanenko, Fedor A., Roy, Keven, Peltier, W.R., Horton, Benjamin P.Contributors: “...National Research Foundation Singapore...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2018)
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14by Cai, Yanjun, Zhang, Haiwei, Cheng, Hai, An, Zhisheng, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Wang, Xianfeng, Tan, Liangcheng, Liang, Fuyuan, Wang, Jin, Kelly, MeganContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2013)
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15by Cai, Yanjun, Zhang, Haiwei, Cheng, Hai, An, Zhisheng, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Wang, Xianfeng, Tan, Liangcheng, Liang, Fuyuan, Wang, Jin, Kelly, MeganContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2012)
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16by Lamb, Simon, Moore, James Daniel Paul, Perez-Gussinye, Marta, Stern, TimContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (2020)
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17by Kong, Xinggong, Liu, Dianbing, Chen, Shitao, Wang, Yongjin, Cheng, Hai, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Wang, XianfengContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2019)
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18by Cai, Yanjun, Fung, Inez Y., Edwards, R. Lawrence, An, Zhisheng, Cheng, Hai, Lee, Jung-Eun, Tan, Liangcheng, Shen, Chuan-Chou, Wang, Xianfeng, Day, Jesse A., Zhou, Weijian, Kelly, Megan J., Chiang, John C. H.Contributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2015)
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19by Cai, Yanjun, Fung, Inez Y., Edwards, R. Lawrence, An, Zhisheng, Cheng, Hai, Lee, Jung-Eun, Tan, Liangcheng, Shen, Chuan-Chou, Wang, Xianfeng, Day, Jesse A., Zhou, Weijian, Kelly, Megan J., Chiang, John C. H.Contributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2015)
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20by Marr, Julene P., Carter, Lionel, Bostock, Helen C., Bolton, Annette, Smith, EuanContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Paleoceanography (2013)
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