Singapore
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Singapore's history dates back at least eight hundred years, having been a maritime emporium known as ''Temasek'' and subsequently a major constituent part of several successive thalassocratic empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepôt trading post of the British Empire. In 1867, the colonies in Southeast Asia were reorganised, and Singapore came under the direct control of Britain as part of the Straits Settlements. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan in 1942 and returned to British control as a separate Crown colony following Japan's surrender in 1945. Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and, in 1963, became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak. Ideological differences, most notably the perceived encroachment of the egalitarian "Malaysian Malaysia" political ideology led by Lee Kuan Yew into the other constituent entities of Malaysia—at the perceived expense of the ''bumiputera'' and the policies of ''Ketuanan Melayu''—eventually led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; Singapore became an independent sovereign country in 1965.
After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers. With its growth based on international trade and economic globalisation, it integrated itself with the world economy through free trade with minimal trade barriers and tariffs, export-oriented industrialisation, and the large accumulation of received foreign direct investments, foreign exchange reserves, and assets held by sovereign wealth funds. As a highly developed country, it has one of the highest GDP per capita (PPP) in the world. Identified as a tax haven, Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit rating from all major rating agencies. It is a major aviation, financial, and maritime shipping hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the most expensive cities to live in for expatriates and foreign workers. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: education, healthcare, quality of life, personal safety, infrastructure, and housing, with a home-ownership rate of 88 percent. Singaporeans enjoy one of the longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds, lowest infant mortality rates, and lowest levels of corruption in the world.
Singapore is a unitary parliamentary republic in the Westminster tradition of unicameral parliamentary government, and its legal system is based on common law. While the country is ''de jure'' a multi-party democracy with free elections, the government under the People's Action Party (PAP) wields widespread control and dominance over politics and society without much electoral competition. The PAP has governed the country continuously since full internal self-government was achieved in 1959, and currently holds a supermajority with 79 out of 93 elected seats in Parliament. One of the five founding members of ASEAN, Singapore is also the headquarters of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Secretariat, and is the host city of many international conferences and events. Singapore is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations. Provided by Wikipedia
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101by Garner, Andra J., Mann, Michael E., Emanuel, Kerry A., Kopp, Robert E., Lin, Ning, Alley, Richard B., Horton, Benjamin Peter, DeConto, Robert M., Donnelly, Jeffrey P., Pollard, DavidContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2019)
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102by Jia, Wei, Zhang, Pingzhong, Wang, Xianfeng, He, Shaoneng, Liu, Guangxin, Shi, Hongyu, Cai, Binggui, Yuan, Shufang, Zhang, Wenfei, Deng, Ruitao, Zhang, Leilei, Gao, Tao, Sun, Qibin, Cheng, Hai, Ning, Youfeng, Edwards, R. LawrenceContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2023)
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103by Veluswamy, Hari Prakash, Kumar, Asheesh, Kumar, Rajnish, Linga, PraveenContributors: “...National University of Singapore...”
Published in Applied Energy (2017)
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104by Veluswamy, Hari Prakash, Wong, Alison Jia Hui, Babu, Ponnivalavan, Kumar, Rajnish, Kulprathipanja, Santi, Rangsunvigit, Pramoch, Linga, PraveenContributors: “...National University of Singapore...”
Published in Chemical Engineering Journal (2016)
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105by Kumar, Asheesh, Kushwaha, Omkar Singh, Rangsunvigit, Pramoch, Linga, Praveen, Kumar, RajnishContributors: “...National University of Singapore...”
Published in The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering (2016)
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106by Kumar, Asheesh, Daraboina, Nagu, Kumar, Rajnish, Linga, PraveenContributors: “...National University of Singapore...”
Published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2016)
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107by König, Patrizia, Tautenhahn, Susanne, Cornelissen, J. Hans C., Kattge, Jens, Bönisch, Gerhard, Römermann, ChristineContributors: “...Genome Institute of Singapore...”
Published in Global Ecology and Biogeography (2017)
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108Contributors: “...Lloyds Register Singapore...”
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109by Pansino, StephenContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published 2019
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110by Pansino, StephenContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published 2019
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111by Martin, Patrick, Moynihan, Molly A., Chen, Shuang, Woo, Oon Yee, Zhou, Yongli, Nichols, Robert S., Chang, Kristy Y. W., Tan, Ashleen S. Y., Chen, Ying-Hsuan, Ren, Haojia, Chen, MengliContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2022)
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112by Clews, Esther, Durance, Isabelle, Vaughan, Ian, Ormerod, SteveContributors: “...National Univerity of Singapore...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2010)
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113by Chen, Guoxu, Chen, Jing, Tape, Carl, Wu, Hao, Tong, PingContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (2023)
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114by Pattyn, FrankContributors: “...2nd AOGS (Asia-Oceania Geophysical Society) Annual Metting (2: Singapore)...”
Published 2005
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115by Clews, Esther, Durance, Isabelle, Vaughan, Ian, Ormerod, SteveContributors: “...National University of Singapore (NUS)...”
Published in Global Change Biology (2010)
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116by Garg, NikhilContributors: “...DHI Singapore...”
Published 2018
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117by Suja, Laura Duran, Chen, Xindi, Summers, Stephen, Paterson, David M., Gutierrez, TonyContributors: “...Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences and Engineering...”
Published in Frontiers in Microbiology (2019)
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118by Suja, Laura Duran, Chen, Xindi, Summers, Stephen, Paterson, David M., Gutierrez, TonyContributors: “...Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences and Engineering...”
Published in Frontiers in Microbiology (2019)
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119by Wang, Hua, Zhang, Yiru, Meng, QiangContributors: “...Singapore Maritime Institute...”
Published in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice (2018)
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120Investigation on the kinetics of methane hydrate formation in the presence of methyl ester sulfonateby Inkong, Katipot, Veluswamy, Hari Prakash, Rangsunvigit, Pramoch, Kulprathipanja, Santi, Linga, PraveenContributors: “...National University of Singapore...”
Published in Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering (2019)
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