Singapore
![Letter from [[William Farquhar](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Letter_from_William_Farquhar_to_Sultan_Muhammad_Kanzul_Alam%2C_the_Sultan_of_Brunei%2C_dated_28_November_1819.jpg)
Singapore's history dates back at least eight hundred years, having been a maritime emporium known as ''Temasek'' and subsequently a major constituent part of several successive thalassocratic empires. Its contemporary era began in 1819, when Stamford Raffles established Singapore as an entrepôt trading post of the British Empire. In 1867, Singapore came under the direct control of Britain as part of the Straits Settlements. During World War II, Singapore was occupied by Japan in 1942 and returned to British control as a separate Crown colony following Japan's surrender in 1945. Singapore gained self-governance in 1959 and, in 1963, became part of the new federation of Malaysia, alongside Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak. Ideological differences led to Singapore's expulsion from the federation two years later; Singapore became an independent sovereign country in 1965.
After early years of turbulence and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the Four Asian Tigers. With its growth based on international trade and economic globalisation, it integrated itself with the world economy through free trade with minimal trade barriers and tariffs, export-oriented industrialisation, and the large accumulation of received foreign direct investments, foreign exchange reserves, and assets held by sovereign wealth funds. As a highly developed country, it has one of the highest GDP per capita (PPP) in the world. Identified as a tax haven, Singapore is the only country in Asia with a AAA sovereign credit rating from all major rating agencies. It is a major aviation, financial, and maritime shipping hub and has consistently been ranked as one of the most expensive cities to live in for expatriates and foreign workers. Singapore ranks highly in key social indicators: education, healthcare, quality of life, personal safety, infrastructure, and housing, with a home-ownership rate of 88 percent. Singaporeans enjoy one of the longest life expectancies, fastest Internet connection speeds, lowest infant mortality rates, and lowest levels of corruption in the world.
Singapore is a parliamentary republic in the Westminster tradition of unicameral parliamentary government, and its legal system is based on common law. While the country is ''de jure'' a multi-party democracy with free elections, the government under the People's Action Party (PAP) wields widespread control and political dominance. The PAP has governed the country continuously since full internal self-government was achieved in 1959, and holds a supermajority in Parliament. One of the five founding members of ASEAN, Singapore is also the headquarters of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat, the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council Secretariat, and is the host city of many international conferences and events. Singapore is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth of Nations. Provided by Wikipedia
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181by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wei, Zhongwang, Chen, Dong, Li, Sha, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
Published in Nature Communications (2021)
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182by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wei, Zhongwang, Chen, Dong, Li, Sha, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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183by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wei, Zhongwang, Chen, Dong, Li, Sha, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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184by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wei, Zhongwang, Chen, Dong, Li, Sha, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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185by Falvard, Simon, Paris, Raphael, Belousov, Marina, Belousov, Alexander, Giachetti, Thomas, Cuven, StéphanieContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS)...”
Published in Marine Geology (2018)
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186by Falvard, Simon, Paris, Raphael, Belousov, Marina, Belousov, Alexander, Giachetti, Thomas, Cuven, StéphanieContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS)...”
Published in Marine Geology (2018)
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187by Falvard, Simon, Paris, Raphael, Belousov, Marina, Belousov, Alexander, Giachetti, Thomas, Cuven, StéphanieContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS)...”
Published in Marine Geology (2018)
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188by Falvard, Simon, Paris, Raphael, Belousov, Marina, Belousov, Alexander, Giachetti, Thomas, Cuven, StéphanieContributors: “...Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS)...”
Published in Marine Geology (2018)
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189by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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190by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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191by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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192by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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193by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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194by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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195by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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196by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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197by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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198by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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199by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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200by Liu, Zhongfang, Risi, Camille, Codron, Francis, Jian, Zhimin, Wei, Zhongwang, He, Xiaogang, Poulsen, Christopher J., Wang, Yue, Chen, Dong, Ma, Wentao, Cheng, Yanyan, Bowen, Gabriel J.Contributors: “...Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Singapore...”
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