Zheng Yi Sao
![Zheng Yi Sao in an 1836 illustration](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/%E9%84%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%AB%82.jpg)
Zheng Yi Sao (born Shi Yang; c. 1775–1844), also known as Shi Xianggu, Shek Yeung and Ching Shih, was a Chinese pirate leader active in the South China Sea from 1801 to 1810.
Born as Shi Yang in 1775 to humble origins, she married a pirate named Zheng Yi at age 26 in 1801. She was named Zheng Yi Sao ("wife of Zheng Yi") by the people of Guangdong. After the death of her husband in 1807, she took control of his pirate confederation with the support of Zheng Yi's adopted son Zhang Bao, with whom she entered into a relationship and later married. As the unofficial commander of the Guangdong Pirate Confederation, her fleet was composed of 400 junks and between 40,000 and 60,000 pirates in 1805. Her ships entered into conflict with several major powers, such as the East India Company, the Portuguese Empire, and the Great Qing.
In 1810, Zheng Yi Sao negotiated a surrender to the Qing authorities that allowed her and Zhang Bao to retain a substantial fleet and avoid prosecution. At the time of her surrender, she personally commanded 24 ships and over 1,400 pirates. She died in 1844 at the age of about 68, having lived a relatively peaceful and prosperous life since the end of her career in piracy. Zheng Yi Sao has been described as not only history's most successful female pirate, but one of the most successful pirates in history. Provided by Wikipedia
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21by Xia, Jianyang, McGuire, A. David, Lawrence, David, Burke, Eleanor, Chen, Guangsheng, Chen, Xiaodong, Delire, Christine, Koven, Charles, MacDougall, Andrew, Peng, Shushi, Rinke, Annette, Saito, Kazuyuki, Zhang, Wenxin, Alkama, Ramdane, Bohn, Theodore J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, Bertrand, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Hajima, Tomohiro, Hayes, Daniel J, Huang, Kun, Ji, Duoying, Krinner, Gerhard, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Miller, Paul A., Moore, John C., Smith, Benjamin, Sueyoshi, Tetsuo, Shi, Zheng-Zheng, Yan, Liming, Liang, Junyi, Jiang, Lifen, Zhang, Qian, Luo, YiqiGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2017)
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22by Xia, Jianyang, McGuire, A. David, Lawrence, David, Burke, Eleanor, Chen, Guangsheng, Chen, Xiaodong, Delire, Christine, Koven, Charles, MacDougall, Andrew H., Peng, Shushi, Rinke, Annette, Saito, Kazuyuki, Zhang, Wenxin, Alkama, Ramdane, Bohn, Theodore J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, Bertrand, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Hajima, Tomohiro, Hayes, Daniel J., Huang, Kun, Ji, Duoying, Krinner, Gerhard, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Miller, Paul A., Moore, John C., Smith, Benjamin, Sueyoshi, Tetsuo, Shi, Zheng, Yan, Liming, Liang, Junyi, Jiang, Lifen, Zhang, Qian, Luo, YiqiGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2017)
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23by Xia, Jianyang, McGuire, A David, Lawrence, David M., Burke, Eleanor, Chen, Guangsheng, Chen, Xiaodong, Delire, Christine, Koven, Charles, MacDougall, Andrew H., Peng, Shushi, Rinke, Annette, Saito, Kazuyuki, Zhang, Wenxin, Alkama, Ramdane, Bohn, Theodore J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, Bertrand, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Hajima, Tomohiro, Hayes, Daniel J., Huang, Kun, Ji, Duoying, Krinner, Gerhard, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Miller, Paul A., Moore, John C., Smith, Benjamin, Sueyoshi, Tetsuo, Shi, Zheng, Yan, Liming, Liang, Junyi, Jiang, Lifen, Zhang, Qian, Luo, YiqiGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2017)
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24by Xia, Jianyang, McGuire, A. David, Lawrence, David M., Burke, Eleanor J., Chen, Guangsheng, Chen, Xiaodong, Delire, Christine, Koven, Charles D., MacDougall, Andrew H., Peng, Shushi, Rinke, Annette, Saito, Kazuyuki, Zhang, Wenxin, Alkama, Ramdane, Bohn, Theodore J., Ciais, Philippe, Decharme, Bertrand, Gouttevin, Isabelle, Hajima, Tomohiro, Hayes, Daniel J., Huang, Kun, Ji, Duoying, Krinner, Gerhard, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Miller, Paul A., Moore, John C., Smith, Benjamin (R19508), Sueyoshi, Tetsuo, Shi, Zheng, Yan, Liming, Liang, Junyi, Jiang, Lifen, Zhang, Qian, Luo, YiqiGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2017)
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25by Liang, Junyi, Xia, Jiangyang East China Normal Univ. , Shanghai . Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem, Research Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences; Inst. of Eco-Chongming , Shanghai, Shi, Zheng Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Jiang, Lifen Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology; Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Ma, Shuang Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology; Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Lu, Xingjie Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology; Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Mauritz, Marguerite Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Natali, Susan M. Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, Pegoraro, Elaine Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Penton, Christopher Ryan Arizona State Univ., Mesa, AZ . College of Integrative Sciences and Arts; Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ . Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Inst., Plaza, César Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Dept. of Biological Sciences; Univ. Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles . Dept. de Biologıa y Geologıa, Fısica y Quımica Inorganica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnologıa,; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas , Madrid . Inst. de Ciencias Agrarias, Salmon, Verity G. Oak Ridge National Lab. , Oak Ridge, TN . Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Inst., Celis, Gerardo Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Cole, James R. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI . Dept. of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Center for Microbial Ecology, Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T. Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA . School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and School of Biology, Tiedje, James M. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI . Dept. of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Center for Microbial Ecology, Zhou, Jizhong Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology; Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Inst. for Environmental Genomics; Tsinghua Univ., Beijing . State Key Joint Lab. of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. , Berkeley, CA . Earth and Environmental Sciences, Schuur, Edward A. G. Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Luo, Yiqi Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology; Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff, AZ . Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Dept. of Biological Sciences; Tsinghua Univ., Beijing . Dept. of Earth System ScienceGet access
Published in Global Change Biology (2023)
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26by Xia, Jianyang, McGuire, A. David Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK . US Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Lawrence, David National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, Burke, Eleanor Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, Chen, Guangsheng Oak Ridge National Lab. , Oak Ridge, TN . Environmental Sciences Division, Chen, Xiaodong Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA . Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Delire, Christine Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques , Toulouse, Koven, Charles Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. , Berkeley, CA, MacDougall, Andrew Univ. of Victoria, BC . School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Peng, Shushi Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement , Gif-sur-Yvette, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Grenoble . Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble . Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement, Rinke, Annette Beijing Normal Univ., Beijing . College of Global Change and Earth System Science; Alfred Wegener Inst. Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Saito, Kazuyuki Japan Agency for Marine-Earth, Yokohama . Dept. of Integrated Climate Change Projection Research, Zhang, Wenxin Univ. of Copenhagen . Center for Permafrost , Dept. of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Alkama, Ramdane Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques , Toulouse, Bohn, Theodore J. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA . Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ciais, Philippe Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement , Gif-sur-Yvette, Decharme, Bertrand Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques , Toulouse, Gouttevin, Isabelle Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Grenoble . Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement, Irstea, Villeurbanne, Hajima, Tomohiro Japan Agency for Marine-Earth, Yokohama . Dept. of Integrated Climate Change Projection Research, Hayes, Daniel J. Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME . School of Forest Resources, Huang, Kun East China Normal Univ. , Shanghai . Research Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting and Tiantong National Field Observation Station for Forest Ecosystem, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Ji, Duoying Beijing Normal Univ., Beijing . College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Krinner, Gerhard Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Grenoble . Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement, Lettenmaier, Dennis P. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA . Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Miller, Paul A. Lund Univ. . Dept. of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Moore, John C. Beijing Normal Univ., Beijing . College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Smith, Benjamin Lund Univ. . Dept. of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Sueyoshi, Tetsuo National Inst. of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Shi, Zheng Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Yan, Liming East China Normal Univ. , Shanghai . Research Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting and Tiantong National Field Observation Station for Forest Ecosystem, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Liang, Junyi Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Jiang, Lifen Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Zhang, Qian Beijing Normal Univ., Beijing . College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Luo, Yiqi Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK . Dept. of Microbiology and Plant Biology; Tsinghua Univ., Beijing . Dept. for Earth System ScienceGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2021)
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27Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2017)Contributors: “...Shi, Zheng (author)...”
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