Sand
![Sand [[dune](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Libya_4608_Idehan_Ubari_Dunes_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg)
The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Calcium carbonate is the second most common type of sand, for example, aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past 500million years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. For example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years, as in the Caribbean. Somewhat more rarely, sand may be composed of calcium sulfate, such as gypsum and selenite, as is found in places such as White Sands National Park and Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S.
Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales, and sand suitable for making concrete is in high demand. Desert sand, although plentiful, is not suitable for concrete. Fifty billion tons of beach sand and fossil sand are used each year for construction. Provided by Wikipedia
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701by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjørn H., Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje K., Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven J., Iversen, Trond, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-François, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, Noije, Twan van, Penner, Joyce E., Schulz, Michael, Seland, Øyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild B., Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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702by Liu, Shiping, Lorenzen, Eline D, Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C, Doherty, Aoife, O'Connell, Mary J, McInerney, James O, Born, Erik W, Dalén, Love, Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, JunGet access
Published 2014
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703by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje Koren, Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steve J., Iversen, Trond, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, Van Noije, Twan P.C., Penner, Joyce E., Schulz, Michael, Seland, Øyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild Bieltvedt, Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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704by Liu, Shiping, Lorenzen, Eline D., Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C., Doherty, Aoife, O'Connell, Mary J., McInerney, James O., Born, Erik W., Dalen, Love, Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, JunGet access
Published in Cell (2014)
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705by Liu, Shiping, Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Lorenzen, Eline D., Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C., Doherty, Aoife, O'Connell, Mary J., McInerney, James O., Born, Erik W., Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, JunGet access
Published in Cell (2014)
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706by Liu, Shiping, Lorenzen, Eline D., Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C., Doherty, Aoife, O'Connell, Mary J., McInerney, James O., Born, Erik W., Dalén, Love, Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, JunGet access
Published in Cell (2014)
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707by Liu, Shiping, Lorenzen, Eline D., Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C., Doherty, Aoife, O’Connell, Mary J., McInerney, James O., Born, Erik W., Dalén, Love, Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, JunGet access
Published in Cell (2014)
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708by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjorn H., Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje K., Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven J., Iversen, Trond, Kirkevag, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, Noije, Twan van, Penner, Joyce E., Schulz, Michael, Seland, Oyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild B., Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2022)
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709by Liu, Shiping, Lorenzen, Eline D, Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C, Doherty, Aoife, O’Connell, Mary J, McInerney, James O, Born, Erik W, Dalén, Love, Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, JunGet access
Published 2014
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710by Liu, Shiping, Lorenzen, Eline D, Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C, Doherty, Aoife, O'Connell, Mary J, Mcinerney, James, Born, Erik W, Dalén, Love, Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, JunGet access
Published in Cell (2014)
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711by Liu, Shiping, Lorenzen, Eline D., Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C., Doherty, Aoife, O'Connell, Mary J., McInerney, James O., Born, Erik W., Dalén, Love, Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, JunGet access
Published in Cell (2014)
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712by Liu, Shiping, Lorenzen, Eline, Fumagalli, Matteo, Li, Bo, Harris, Kelley, Xiong, Zijun, Zhou, Long, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Somel, Mehmet, Babbitt, Courtney, Wray, Greg, Li, Jianwen, He, Weiming, Wang, Zhuo, Fu, Wenjing, Xiang, Xueyan, Morgan, Claire C., Doherty, Aoife, O'Connell, Mary J., McInerney, James O., Born, Erik W., Dalén, Love, Dietz, Rune, Orlando, Ludovic Antoine Alexandre, Sonne, Christian, Zhang, Guojie, Nielsen, Rasmus, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, JunGet access
Published in Cell (2014)
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713by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjorn H., Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje K., Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven J., Iversen, Trond, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, van Noije, Twan, Penner, Joyce E., Schulz, Michael, Seland, Øyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild B., Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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714by Sys, Klaas, Rindorf, Anna, Bastardie, Francois, Baudron, Alan, Berg, Casper Willestofte, Bitetto, Isabella, Blanco, Clyde, Bluemel, Joanna K, Celie, Liesa, Chust, Guillem, Couce, Elena, Damalas, Dimitris, Depestele, J. Jochen, Fernandes, Paul, Jacobsen, Nis Sand, Garcia, Dorleta, Hidalgo, Manuel, Kavadas, Stefanos, Kühn, Bernhard, Maina, Irida, Maioli, Federico, Mildenberger, Tobias, Paradinas, Iosu, Poos, Jan Jaap, Romaric, Jac, Taylor, Marc, Uhlmann, Sebastian, Villagra, Damian, Vinther, Morten, Zupa, Walter, Teresa Spedicato, MariaGet access
Published 2024
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715by Sys, Klaas, Rindorf, Anna, Bastardie, Francois, Baudron, Alan, Berg, Casper Willestofte, Bitetto, Isabella, Blanco, Clyde, Bluemel, Joanna K, Celie, Liesa, Chust, Guillem, Couce, Elena, Damalas, Dimitris, Depestele, J. Jochen, Fernandes, Paul, Jacobsen, Nis Sand, Garcia, Dorleta, Hidalgo, Manuel, Kavadas, Stefanos, Kühn, Bernhard, Maina, Irida, Maioli, Federico, Mildenberger, Tobias, Paradinas, Iosu, Poos, Jan Jaap, Romaric, Jac, Taylor, Marc, Uhlmann, Sebastian, Villagra, Damian, Vinther, Morten, Zupa, Walter, Teresa Spedicato, MariaGet access
Published 2024
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716by Batsleer, Jurgen, Baudron, Alan, Chen, Chun, Cole, Harriet, De Oliveira, Jose A., Denechaud, Côme, Girardin, Raphael, Halouani, Ghassen, Haslob, Holger, Holdgate, Alexander Neil, Jacobsen, Nis Sand, Kempf, Alexander, Kokkalis, Alexandros, Melis, Eleni, Mesquita, Carlos, Miethe, Tanja, Mosqueira, Iago, Nawri, Nikolai, Needle, Coby L, Nielsen, J. Rasmus, Orio, Alessandro, Reecht, Yves, Skjaeraasen, Jon Egil, Soevik, Guldborg, Sys, Klaas, Taylor, Marc Hollis, Tiano, Justin, Vansteenbrugge, Lies, Villagra Villanueva, Damian, Voak, Bella, Vossen, Kathrin, Walker, NicolaGet access
Published 2023
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717by von Salzen, K, Whaley, CH, Anenberg, SC, Van Dingenen, R, Klimont, Z, Flanner, MG, Mahmood, R, Arnold, SR, Beagley, S, Chien, R-Y, Christensen, JH, Eckhardt, S, Ekman, AML, Evangeliou, N, Faluvegi, G, Fu, JS, Gauss, M, Gong, W, Hjorth, JL, Im, U, Krishnan, S, Kupiainen, K, Kühn, T, Langner, J, Law, KS, Marelle, L, Olivié, D, Onishi, T, Oshima, N, Paunu, V-V, Peng, Y, Plummer, D, Pozzoli, L, Rao, S, Raut, J-C, Sand, M, Schmale, J, Sigmond, M, Thomas, MA, Tsigaridis, K, Tsyro, S, Turnock, ST, Wang, M, Winter, BGet access
Published 2022
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718by von Salzen, K., Whaley, C.H., Anenberg, S.C., Van Dingenen, R., Klimont, Z., Flanner, M.G., Mahmood, R., Arnold, S.R., Beagley, S., Chien, R.-Y., Christensen, J.H., Eckhardt, S., Ekman, A.M.L., Evangeliou, N., Faluvegi, G., Fu, J.S., Gauss, M., Gong, W., Hjorth, J.L., Im, U., Krishnan, S., Kupiainen, K., Kühn, T., Langner, J., Law, K.S., Marelle, L., Olivié, D., Onishi, T., Oshima, N., Paunu, V.-V., Peng, Y., Plummer, D., Pozzoli, L., Rao, S., Raut, J.-C., Sand, M., Schmale, J., Sigmond, M., Thomas, M.A., Tsigaridis, K., Tsyro, S., Turnock, S.T., Wang, M., Winter, B.Get access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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719by von Salzen, K., Whaley, C.H., Anenberg, S.C., Van Dingenen, R., Klimont, Z., Flanner, M.G., Mahmood, R., Arnold, S.R., Beagley, S., Chien, R.-Y., Christensen, J.H., Eckhardt, S., Ekman, A.M.L., Evangeliou, N., Faluvegi, G., Fu, J.S., Gauss, M., Gong, W., Hjorth, J.L., Im, U., Krishnan, S., Kupiainen, K., Kühn, T., Langner, J., Law, K.S., Marelle, L., Olivié, D., Onishi, T., Oshima, N., Paunu, V.-V., Peng, Y., Plummer, D., Pozzoli, L., Rao, S., Raut, J.-C., Sand, M., Schmale, J., Sigmond, M., Thomas, M.A., Tsigaridis, K., Tsyro, S., Turnock, S.T., Wang, M., Winter, B.Get access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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720by von Salzen, Knut, Whaley, Cynthia, Anenberg, Susan, van Dingenen, Rita, Klimont, Zbigniew, Flanner, Mark, Mahmood, Rashed, Arnold, Stephen, Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper, Eckhardt, Sabine, Ekman, Annica, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Faluvegi, Greg, Fu, Joshua, Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Hjorth, Jens, Im, Ulas, Krishnan, Srinath, Kupiainen, Kaarle, Kühn, Thomas, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Olivié, Dirk, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Rao, Shilpa, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sigmond, Michael, Thomas, Manu, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven, Wang, Minqi, Winter, BarbaraGet access
Published in Communications Earth & Environment (2022)
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