Sand
![Sand [[dune](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Libya_4608_Idehan_Ubari_Dunes_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg)
The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Calcium carbonate is the second most common type of sand, for example, aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past 500million years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. For example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years, as in the Caribbean. Somewhat more rarely, sand may be composed of calcium sulfate, such as gypsum and selenite, as is found in places such as White Sands National Park and Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S.
Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales, and sand suitable for making concrete is in high demand. Desert sand, although plentiful, is not suitable for concrete. Fifty billion tons of beach sand and fossil sand are used each year for construction. Provided by Wikipedia
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681by Sand, M., Samset, B. H., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Bian, H., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Ghan, S. J., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Lin, G., Liu, X., Luo, G., Myhre, G., Noije, T. V., Penner, J. E., Schulz, M., Seland, Ø., Skeie, R. B., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., Yu, F., Zhang, K., Zhang, H.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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682by Maria Teresa Spedicato, Anna Rindorf, Katerina Anastasopoulou, Oihane C. Basurko, Luke Batts, Casper Willestofte Berg, Matteo Biondi, Pierluigi Carbonara, Renato Casagrandi, Jochen Depestele, Bavo DeWitte, Izaro Goienetxea, Nis Sand Jacobsen, Stefanos Kavadas, Irida Maina, Lorenzo Mari, Paco Melia, Meadhbh Moriarty, Dimitris Politikos, Giovanni Romagnoni, Irene Ruiz, Josie Russell, David Vanvermaete, Celia Vassilopoulou, Walter Zupa, David ReidGet access
Published 2023
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683by Spedicato, Maria Teresa, Rindorf, Anna, Anastasopoulou, Katerina, Basurko, Oihane C., Batts, Luke, Berg, Casper Willestofte, Biondi, Matteo, Carbonara, Pierluigi, Casagrandi, Renato, Depestele, Jochen, DeWitte, Bavo, Goienetxea, Izaro, Jacobsen, Nis Sand, Kavadas, Stefanos, Maina, Irida, Mari, Lorenzo, Melia, Paco, Moriarty, Meadhbh, Politikos, Dimitris, Romagnoni, Giovanni, Ruiz, Irene, Russell, Josie, Vanvermaete, David, Vassilopoulou, Celia, Zupa, Walter, Reid, DavidGet access
Published 2023
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684by Spedicato, Maria Teresa, Rindorf, Anna, Anastasopoulou, Katerina, Basurko, Oihane C., Batts, Luke, Berg, Casper Willestofte, Biondi, Matteo, Carbonara, Pierluigi, Casagrandi, Renato, Depestele, Jochen, DeWitte, Bavo, Goienetxea, Izaro, Jacobsen, Nis Sand, Kavadas, Stefanos, Maina, Irida, Mari, Lorenzo, Melia, Paco, Moriarty, Meadhbh, Politikos, Dimitris, Romagnoni, Giovanni, Ruiz, Irene, Russell, Josie, Vanvermaete, David, Vassilopoulou, Celia, Zupa, Walter, Reid, DavidGet access
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685by Foote, Andrew David, Vijay, Nagarjun, Avila Arcos, Maria del Carmen, Baird, Robin W., Durban, John W., Fumagalli, Matteo, Gibbs, Richard A., Hanson, M. Bradley, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Martin, Michael David, Robertson, Kelly M., Sousa, Vitor C., Garrett Vieira, Filipe Jorge, Vinař, Tomáš, Wade, Paul, Worley, Kim C., Excoffier, Laurent, Morin, Phillip A., Gilbert, Tom, Wolf, Jochen B. W.Get access
Published in Nature Communications (2016)
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686by Moltke, Ida, Grarup, Niels, Jørgensen, Marit E., Bjerregaard, Peter, Treebak, Jonas Thue, Fumagalli, Matteo, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Andersen, Marianne Agerholm, Nielsen, Thomas Svava, Krarup, Nikolaj Thure, Gjesing, Anette Marianne Prior, Zierath, Juleen R., Linneberg, Allan, Wu, Xueli, Sun, Guangqing, Jin, Xin, Al-Aama, Jumana, Wang, Jun, Borch-Johnsen, Knut, Pedersen, Oluf, Nielsen, Rasmus, Albrechtsen, Anders, Hansen, TorbenGet access
Published in Nature (2014)
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687by SAND Maria, SAMSET Bjoern, BALKANSKI Yves, BAUER Susanne, BELLOUIN Nicolas, BERNTSEN Terje, BIAN Huisheng, CHIN Mian, DIEHL Thomas, EASTER Richard, GHAN Steven, IVERSEN Trond, KIRKEVAG Alf, LAMARQUE Jean-Francois, LIN Guangxing, LIU Xiaohong, LUO Gan, MYHRE Gunnar, VAN NOIJE Twan, PENNER Joyce E., SCHULZ Michael, SELAND Oyvind, SKEIE Ragnhild B., STIER Philip, TAKEMURA Toshihiko, TSIGARIDIS Kostas, YU Fangqun, ZHANG Kai, ZHANG HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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688by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjørn, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje, Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven, Iversen, Trond, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, Van Noije, Twan, Penner, Joyce, Schulz, Michael, Seland, Oyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild, Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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689by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjørn, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje, Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven, Iversen, Trond, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, van Noije, Twan, Penner, Joyce, Schulz, Michael, Seland, Oyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild, Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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690by Whaley, Cynthia, von Salzen, Knut, Mahmood, Rashed, Weiss-Gibbons, Tahya, Winter, Barbara, Saunders, Laura, Eckhardt, Sabine, Arnold, Stephen, Christensen, Jesper, Flanner, Mark, Fu, Joshua, Gauss, Michael, Huang, Lin, Im, Ulas, Klimont, Zbigniew, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Onishi, Tatsuo, Watson-Parris, Duncan, Oshima, Naga, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sharma, Sangeeta, Thomas, Manu, Tsyro, SvetlanaGet access
Published 2021
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691by Whaley, Cynthia, von Salzen, Knut, Mahmood, Rashed, Weiss-Gibbons, Tahya, Winter, Barbara, Saunders, Laura, Eckhardt, Sabine, Arnold, Stephen, Christensen, Jesper, Flanner, Mark, Fu, Joshua, Gauss, Michael, Huang, Lin, Im, Ulas, Klimont, Zbigniew, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Onishi, Tatsuo, Watson-Parris, Duncan, Oshima, Naga, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sharma, Sangeeta, Thomas, Manu, Tsyro, SvetlanaGet access
Published 2021
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692by Whaley, Cynthia, von Salzen, Knut, Mahmood, Rashed, Weiss-Gibbons, Tahya, Winter, Barbara, Saunders, Laura, Eckhardt, Sabine, Arnold, Stephen, Christensen, Jesper, Flanner, Mark, Fu, Joshua, Gauss, Michael, Huang, Lin, Im, Ulas, Klimont, Zbigniew, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Onishi, Tatsuo, Watson-Parris, Duncan, Oshima, Naga, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sharma, Sangeeta, Thomas, Manu, Tsyro, SvetlanaGet access
Published 2021
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693by Whaley, Cynthia, von Salzen, Knut, Mahmood, Rashed, Weiss-Gibbons, Tahya, Winter, Barbara, Saunders, Laura, Eckhardt, Sabine, Arnold, Stephen, Christensen, Jesper, Flanner, Mark, Fu, Joshua, Gauss, Michael, Huang, Lin, Im, Ulas, Klimont, Zbigniew, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Onishi, Tatsuo, Watson-Parris, Duncan, Oshima, Naga, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sharma, Sangeeta, Thomas, Manu, Tsyro, SvetlanaGet access
Published 2021
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694by Whaley, Cynthia, von Salzen, Knut, Mahmood, Rashed, Weiss-Gibbons, Tahya, Winter, Barbara, Saunders, Laura, Eckhardt, Sabine, Arnold, Stephen, Christensen, Jesper, Flanner, Mark, Fu, Joshua, Gauss, Michael, Huang, Lin, Im, Ulas, Klimont, Zbigniew, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Onishi, Tatsuo, Watson-Parris, Duncan, Oshima, Naga, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sharma, Sangeeta, Thomas, Manu, Tsyro, SvetlanaGet access
Published 2021
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695by Whaley, Cynthia, von Salzen, Knut, Mahmood, Rashed, Weiss-Gibbons, Tahya, Winter, Barbara, Saunders, Laura, Eckhardt, Sabine, Arnold, Stephen, Christensen, Jesper, Flanner, Mark, Fu, Joshua, Gauss, Michael, Huang, Lin, Im, Ulas, Klimont, Zbigniew, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Onishi, Tatsuo, Watson-Parris, Duncan, Oshima, Naga, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sharma, Sangeeta, Thomas, Manu, Tsyro, SvetlanaGet access
Published 2021
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696by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjørn, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje, Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven, Iversen, Trond, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, van Noije, Twan, Penner, Joyce, E, Schulz, Michael, Seland, Oyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild, Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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697by Sazatornil, Víctor, Rodríguez, Alejandro, Klaczek, Michael, Ahmadi, Mohsen, Álvares, Francisco, Arthur, Stepher, Blanco, Juan Carlos, Borg, Bridget L., Cluff, Dean, Cortés, Yolanda, García, Emilio J., Geffen, Eli, Habib, Bilal, Iliopoulos, Yorgos, Kaboli, Mohammad Krofel, Miha, Llaneza, Luis, Marucco, Francesca, Oakleaf, John K., Person, David K., Potocnik, Hubert, Ražen, Nina, Rio-Maior, Helena, Sand, Hakan, Unger, David, Wabakken, Petter, López-Bao, José V.Get access
Published in Biological Conservation (2016)
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698by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjørn, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje, Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven, Iversen, Trond, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, van Noije, Twan, Penner, Joyce, E, Schulz, Michael, Seland, Oyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild, Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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699by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjørn, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje, Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven, Iversen, Trond, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, van Noije, Twan, Penner, Joyce, E, Schulz, Michael, Seland, Oyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild, Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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700by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjørn, Balkanski, Yves, Bauer, Susanne, Bellouin, Nicolas, Berntsen, Terje, Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Diehl, Thomas, Easter, Richard, Ghan, Steven, Iversen, Trond, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Lin, Guangxing, Liu, Xiaohong, Luo, Gan, Myhre, Gunnar, van Noije, Twan, Penner, Joyce, E, Schulz, Michael, Seland, Oyvind, Skeie, Ragnhild, Stier, Philip, Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Yu, Fangqun, Zhang, Kai, Zhang, HuaGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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