Sand
![Sand [[dune](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Libya_4608_Idehan_Ubari_Dunes_Luca_Galuzzi_2007.jpg)
The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Calcium carbonate is the second most common type of sand, for example, aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past 500million years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. For example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years, as in the Caribbean. Somewhat more rarely, sand may be composed of calcium sulfate, such as gypsum and selenite, as is found in places such as White Sands National Park and Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge in the U.S.
Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales, and sand suitable for making concrete is in high demand. Desert sand, although plentiful, is not suitable for concrete. Fifty billion tons of beach sand and fossil sand are used each year for construction. Provided by Wikipedia
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661by Niedziałkowska, Magdalena, Hundertmark, Kris J., Jędrzejewska, Bogumila, Niedziałkowski, Krzysztof, Sidorovič, Vadim Evgenevich, Górny, Marcin, Veeroja, Rauno, Solberg, Erling J., Laaksonen, Sauli, Sand, Håkan, Solovyev, Vyacheslav A., Shkvyria, Maryna, Tiainen, Juha, Okhlopkov, Innokentiy M., Juškaitis, Rimvydas, Done, Gundega, Borodulin, Vadim A., Tulandin, Evgenii A., Jędrzejewski, WłodzimierzGet access
Published in Journal of Biogeography (2014)
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662Spatial structure in European moose (Alces alces) : genetic data reveal a complex population historyby Niedziałkowska, Magdalena, Hundertmark, Kris J., Jędrzejewska, Bogumiła, Niedziałkowski, Krzysztof, Sidorovich, Vadim E., Górny, Marcin, Veeroja, Rauno, Solberg, Erling J., Laaksonen, Sauli, Sand, Håkan, Solovyev, Vyacheslav A., Shkvyria, Maryna, Tiainen, Juha, Okhlopkov, Innokentiy M., Juškaitis, Rimvydas, Done, Gundega, Borodulin, Vadim A., Tulandin, Evgenii A., Jęzdrzejewski, WłodzimierzGet access
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663by Fumagalli, Matteo, Moltke, Ida, Grarup, Niels, Racimo, Fernando, Bjerregaard, Peter, Jørgensen, Marit E., Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Gerbault, Pascale, Skotte, Line, Linneberg, Allan René, Christensen, Cramer, Brandslund, Ivan, Jørgensen, Torben, Huerta-Sánchez, Emilia, Schmidt, Erik Berg, Pedersen, Oluf Borbye, Hansen, Torben, Albrechtsen, Anders, Nielsen, RasmusGet access
Published in Science (2015)
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664Spatial structure in European moose ( Alces alces): genetic data reveal a complex population historyby Niedziałkowska, Magdalena, Hundertmark, Kris J., Jędrzejewska, Bogumiła, Niedziałkowski, Krzysztof, Sidorovich, Vadim E., Górny, Marcin, Veeroja, Rauno, Solberg, Erling J., Laaksonen, Sauli, Sand, Håkan, Solovyev, Vyacheslav A., Shkvyria, Maryna, Tiainen, Juha, Okhlopkov, Innokentiy M., Juškaitis, Rimvydas, Done, Gundega, Borodulin, Vadim A., Tulandin, Evgenii A., Jędrzejewski, WłodzimierzGet access
Published in Journal of Biogeography (2014)
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665by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐françois, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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666by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐François, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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667by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐François, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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668by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, J., Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐françois, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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669by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, J., Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐françois, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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670by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, J., Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐françois, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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671by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, J., Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐françois, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
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672by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, J., Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐françois, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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673by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, J., Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐françois, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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674by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, J., Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐françois, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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675by Stjern, Camilla Weum, Lund, Marianne Tronstad, Samset, Bjørn Hallvard, Myhre, Gunnar, Forster, Piers, Andrews, Timothy, J., Boucher, Olivier, Faluvegi, Gregory, Fläschner, Dagmar, Iversen, Trond, Kasoar, Matthew, Kharin, Viatcheslav, Kirkevåg, Alf, Lamarque, Jean‐françois, Olivié, Dirk, Richardson, Thomas, Sand, Maria, Shawki, Dilshad, Shindell, Drew, Smith, Christopher, Takemura, Toshihiko, Voulgarakis, ApostolosGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2019)
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676by Sand, M, Samset, B, Balkanski, Y, Bauer, S, Bellouin, N, Berntsen, T, Bian, H, Chin, M, Diehl, T, Easter, R, Ghan, S, Iversen, T, Kirkevag, A, Lamarque, J, Lin, G, Liu, X, Luo, G, Myhre, G, Noije, T, Penner, J, Schulz, M, Seland, O, Skeie, R, Stier, P, Takemura, T, Tsigaridis, K, Yu, F, Zhang, K, Zhang, HGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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677by BRAINERD, SCOTT M., ANDRÉN, HENRIK, BANGS, EDWARD E., BRADLEY, ELIZABETH H., FONTAINE, JOSEPH A., HALL, WAYNE, ILIOPOULOS, YORGOS, JIMENEZ, MICHAEL D., JOZWIAK, ELIZABETH A., LIBERG, OLOF, MACK, CURT M., MEIER, THOMAS J., NIEMEYER, CARTER C., PEDERSEN, HANS C., SAND, HÃKAN, SCHULTZ, RONALD N., SMITH, DOUGLAS W., WABAKKEN, PETTER, WYDEVEN, ADRIAN P.Get access
Published in The Journal of Wildlife Management (2008)
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678by Sand, M., Samset, B., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T., Bian, H., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Ghan, S., Iversen, T., Kirkevag, A., Lamarque, J., Lin, G., Liu, X., Luo, G., Myhre, G., van Noije, T., Penner, J., Schulz, M., Seland, O., Skeie, R., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., Yu, F., Zhang, K., Zhang, H.Get access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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679by Sand, Maria, Samset, Bjørn H., Myhre, Gunnar, Gliß, Jonas, Bauer, Susanne E., Bian, Huisheng, Chin, Mian, Checa-Garcia, Ramiro, Ginoux, Paul, Kipling, Zak, Kirkevåg, Alf, Kokkola, Harri, Sager, Philippe, Lund, Marianne T., Matsui, Hitoshi, Noije, Twan, Remy, Samuel, Schulz, Michael, Stier, Philip, Stjern, Camilla W., Takemura, Toshihiko, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana G., Watson-Parris, DuncanGet access
Published 2021
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680by M. Sand, B. H. Samset, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer, N. Bellouin, T. K. Berntsen, H. Bian, M. Chin, T. Diehl, R. Easter, S. J. Ghan, T. Iversen, A. Kirkevåg, J.-F. Lamarque, G. Lin, X. Liu, G. Luo, G. Myhre, T. V. Noije, J. E. Penner, M. Schulz, Ø. Seland, R. B. Skeie, P. Stier, T. Takemura, K. Tsigaridis, F. Yu, K. Zhang, H. ZhangGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2017)
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