Russia
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The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.
In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and annexation of Crimea in 2014 from neighbouring Ukraine, followed by the further annexation of four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion.
Russia's advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production. It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. Russia is a great power and a regional power, despite ranking low in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; corruption remains a significant challenge. Russia is also a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Provided by Wikipedia
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521by Donati, J-F., Yu, L., Moutou, C., Cameron, A. C., Malo, L., Grankin, K., Hebrard, E., Hussain, G. A. J., Vidotto, A. A., Alencar, S. H. P., Haywood, R. D., Bouvier, J., Petit, P., Takami, M., Herczeg, G. J., Gregory, S. G., Jardine, M. M., Morin, J.Contributors: “...Crimean Astrophys Observ, Nauchny 298409, Crimea, Russia....”
Published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2017)
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522by Gabrielli, Paolo, Planchon, Frédéric, Hong, Sungmin, Lee, Khang Hyun, Hur, Soon Do, Barbante, Carlo, Ferrari, Christophe P., Petit, Jean-Robert, Lipenkov, Vladimir Y., Cescon, Paolo, Boutron, Claude F.Contributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2005)
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523by Butzin, M., Werner, M., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, C., Frankenberg, C., Gribanov, K., Jouzel, Jean, Zakharov, V.I.Contributors: “...Climate and Environmental Physics Laboratory Russia...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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524by S. M. Sakerin, D. M. Tomsk, M. А. Loskutova, D. D. Rize, D. G. Chernov, Yu. S. Turchinovich, С. М. Сакерин, Д. М. Кабанов, М. А. Лоскутова, Д. Д. Ризе, Д. Г. Чернов, Ю. С. ТурчиновичContributors: “... and Science of Russia (Agreement No. 075-15-2021-661). The measurements of aerosol characteristics were...”
Published in Environmental Pollution (2023)
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525by Gabrielli, Paolo, Planchon, Frédéric, Hong, Sungmin, Lee, Khang Hyun, Hur, Soon Do, Barbante, Carlo, Ferrari, Christophe P., Petit, Jean-Robert, Lipenkov, Vladimir Y., Cescon, Paolo, Boutron, Claude F.Contributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2005)
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526by Gabrielli, Paolo, Planchon, Frédéric, Hong, Sungmin, Lee, Khang Hyun, Hur, Soon Do, Barbante, Carlo, Ferrari, Christophe P., Petit, Jean-Robert, Lipenkov, Vladimir Y., Cescon, Paolo, Boutron, Claude F.Contributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2005)
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527by Hughes-Allen, Lara, Bouchard, Frédéric, Hatté, Christine, Meyer, Hanno, Pestryakova, Lyudmila A., Diekmann, Bernhard, Subetto, Dmitry A., Biskaborn, Boris K.Contributors: “...Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia...”
Published in Frontiers in Earth Science (2021)
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528by Gabrielli, Paolo, Planchon, Frédéric, Hong, Sungmin, Lee, Khang Hyun, Hur, Soon Do, Barbante, Carlo, Ferrari, Christophe P., Petit, Jean-Robert, Lipenkov, Vladimir Y., Cescon, Paolo, Boutron, Claude F.Contributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2005)
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529by Hughes-Allen, Lara, Bouchard, Frédéric, Hatté, Christine, Meyer, Hanno, Pestryakova, Lyudmila A., Diekmann, Bernhard, Subetto, Dmitry A., Biskaborn, Boris K.Contributors: “...Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia...”
Published in Frontiers in Earth Science (2021)
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530by Hughes-Allen, Lara, Bouchard, Frédéric, Hatté, Christine, Meyer, Hanno, Pestryakova, Lyudmila A., Diekmann, Bernhard, Subetto, Dmitry A., Biskaborn, Boris K.Contributors: “...Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia...”
Published in Frontiers in Earth Science (2021)
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531by Hughes-Allen, Lara, Bouchard, Frédéric, Hatté, Christine, Meyer, Hanno, Pestryakova, Lyudmila A., Diekmann, Bernhard, Subetto, Dmitry A., Biskaborn, Boris K.Contributors: “...Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia...”
Published in Frontiers in Earth Science (2021)
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532by Hughes-Allen, Lara, Bouchard, Frédéric, Hatté, Christine, Meyer, Hanno, Pestryakova, Lyudmila A., Diekmann, Bernhard, Subetto, Dmitry A., Biskaborn, Boris K.Contributors: “...Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia...”
Published in Frontiers in Earth Science (2021)
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533by Smith, Pete, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Janssens, Ivan A., Reis, Stefan, Marland, Gregg, Soussana, Jean-Francois, Christensen, Torben R., Heath, Linda, Apps, Mike, Alexeyev, Vlady, Fang, Jingyun, Gattuso, Jean-Pierre, Guerschman, Juan Pablo, Huang, Yao, Jobbagy, Esteban, Murdiyarso, Daniel, Ni, Jian, Nobre, Antonio, Peng, Changhui, Walcroft, Adrian, Wang, Shao Qiang, Pan, Yude, Zhou, Guang ShengContributors: “...Russian Acad Sci, Vn Sukachev Inst Forests Res, Novosibirsk, Russia....”
Published in Climatic Change (2008)
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534by Gabrielli, Paolo, Planchon, Frédéric, Hong, Sungmin, Lee, Khang Hyun, Hur, Soon Do, Barbante, Carlo, Ferrari, Christophe P., Petit, Jean-Robert, Lipenkov, Vladimir Y., Cescon, Paolo, Boutron, Claude F.Contributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2005)
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535by Butzin, M., Werner, M., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, C., Frankenberg, C., Gribanov, K., Jouzel, Jean, Zakharov, V.I.Contributors: “...Climate and Environmental Physics Laboratory Russia...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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536by Butzin, M., Werner, M., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, C., Frankenberg, C., Gribanov, K., Jouzel, Jean, Zakharov, V.I.Contributors: “...Climate and Environmental Physics Laboratory Russia...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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537by Butzin, M., Werner, M., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, C., Frankenberg, C., Gribanov, K., Jouzel, Jean, Zakharov, V.I.Contributors: “...Climate and Environmental Physics Laboratory Russia...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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538by Butzin, M., Werner, M., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, C., Frankenberg, C., Gribanov, K., Jouzel, Jean, Zakharov, V.I.Contributors: “...Climate and Environmental Physics Laboratory Russia...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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539by Butzin, M., Werner, M., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, C., Frankenberg, C., Gribanov, K., Jouzel, Jean, Zakharov, V.I.Contributors: “...Climate and Environmental Physics Laboratory Russia...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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540by Butzin, M., Werner, M., Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Risi, C., Frankenberg, C., Gribanov, K., Jouzel, Jean, Zakharov, V.I.Contributors: “...Climate and Environmental Physics Laboratory Russia...”
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014)
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