Russia
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The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the Grand Duchy of Moscow led the unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.
In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and its war with Ukraine since 2014, which has involved the internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian territory including Crimea in 2014 and four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion.
Russia is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. Russia is generally considered a great power and is a regional power. Internationally, Russia ranks very low in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. As of 2024, Russia has a high-income economy which ranks eleventh in the world by nominal GDP and sixth at purchasing power parity, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Provided by Wikipedia
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461by Markova, Evgenia, Malygin, Vasily, Montuire, Sophie, Nadachowski, Adam, Quéré, Jean-Pierre, Ochman, KatarzynaContributors: “... personnel of innovative Russia” (02.740.11.0279)....”
Published in Journal of Mammalian Evolution (2010)
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462by Markova, Evgenia, Malygin, Vasily, Montuire, Sophie, Nadachowski, Adam, Quéré, Jean-Pierre, Ochman, KatarzynaContributors: “... personnel of innovative Russia” (02.740.11.0279)....”
Published in Journal of Mammalian Evolution (2010)
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463by Markova, Evgenia, Malygin, Vasily, Montuire, Sophie, Nadachowski, Adam, Quéré, Jean-Pierre, Ochman, KatarzynaContributors: “... personnel of innovative Russia” (02.740.11.0279)....”
Published in Journal of Mammalian Evolution (2010)
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464by Markova, Evgenia, Malygin, Vasily, Montuire, Sophie, Nadachowski, Adam, Quéré, Jean-Pierre, Ochman, KatarzynaContributors: “... personnel of innovative Russia” (02.740.11.0279)....”
Published in Journal of Mammalian Evolution (2010)
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465by de Angelis, Martine, Morel-Fourcade, Marie-Christine, Barnola, Jean-Marc, Susini, Jean, Duval, PaulContributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2005)
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466by ISSP Research GroupContributors: “...Levada Center, Moscow, Russia...”
Published 2022
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467by S. A. Kutenkov, M. N. Kozhin, E. O. Golovina, С. А. Кутенков, М. Н. Кожин, Е. О. ГоловинаContributors: “...This research was funded from state assignment of FASO Russia (IB KarRC RAS theme no. 122031700449...”
Published 2023
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468by De Angelis, Martine, Morel-Fourcade, Marie-Christine, Barnola, Jean-Marc, Susini, Jean, Duval, PaulContributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2005)
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469by Tamara Litvinenko V., Kazuhiro Kumo, Antonina Savvinova N., Viktoriia Filippova V.Contributors: “... Development of Russia in the Conditions of Its Unevenness and Global Instability’) and supported...”
Published in GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY (2020)
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470by de Angelis, Martine, Morel-Fourcade, Marie-Christine, Barnola, Jean-Marc, Susini, Jean, Duval, PaulContributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2005)
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471by de Angelis, Martine, Morel-Fourcade, Marie-Christine, Barnola, Jean-Marc, Susini, Jean, Duval, PaulContributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2005)
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472by de Angelis, Martine, Morel-Fourcade, Marie-Christine, Barnola, Jean-Marc, Susini, Jean, Duval, PaulContributors: “...Joint program involving Russia...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2005)
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473by Alfonsi, Lu., Kavanagh, A. J., Amata, E., Cilliers, P., Correia, E., Freeman, M., Kauristie, K., Liu, R., Luntama, J.-P., Mitchell, C. N., Zherebtsov, G. A.Contributors: “... of Science, Irkutsk, Russia...”
Published in Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (2008)
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474by Vandenberghe, Jef, French, Hugh M., Gorbunov, Aldar, Marchenko, Sergei, Velichko, Andrey A., Jin, Huijun, Cui, Zhijiu, Zhang, Tingjun, Wan, XudongContributors: “...RAS, Inst Geog, Moscow 110017, Russia....”
Published in Boreas (2014)
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475by Zona, Donatella, Lafleur, Peter, Hufkens, Koen, Bailey, Barbara, Gioli, Beniamino, Burba, George, Goodrich, Jordan, Liljedahl, Anna, Euskirchen, Eugénie, Watts, Jennifer, Farina, Mary, Kimball, John, Heimann, Martin, Göckede, Mathias, Pallandt, Martijn, Christensen, Torben, Mastepanov, Mikhail, López-Blanco, Efrén, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Dolman, Albertus, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Commane, Roisin, Wofsy, Steven, Miller, Charles, Lipson, David, Hashemi, Josh, Arndt, Kyle, Kutzbach, Lars, Holl, David, Boike, Julia, Wille, Christian, Sachs, Torsten, Kalhori, Aram, Song, Xia, Xu, Xiaofeng, Humphreys, Elyn, Koven, Charles, Sonnentag, Oliver, Meyer, Gesa, Gosselin, Gabriel, Marsh, Philip, Oechel, WalterContributors: “...Peoples Friendship University of Russia RUDN University (RUDN)...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2022)
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476by Dorokhov, Valery, Tsvetkova, N., Yushkov, Vladimir, Nakajima, H., Ivlev, G., Makshtas, A., Tereb, N., Goutail, Florence, Pazmino, Andrea, Pommereau, Jean-PierreContributors: “...Roshydromet, Russia...”
Published 2013
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477by Fabre, Clément, Simeoni-Sauvage, Sabine, Tananaev, Nikita, Espitalier-Noël, Grégory, Teisserenc, Roman, Probst, Jean-Luc, Sanchez-Perez, Jose-MiguelContributors: “...Ugra Research Institute of Information Technologies (RUSSIA)...”
Published in Water Research (2019)
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478by Dorokhov, Valery, Tsvetkova, N., Yushkov, Vladimir, Nakajima, H., Ivlev, G., Makshtas, A., Tereb, N., Goutail, Florence, Pazmino, Andrea, Pommereau, Jean-PierreContributors: “...Roshydromet, Russia...”
Published 2013
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479by Dorokhov, Valery, Tsvetkova, N., Yushkov, Vladimir, Nakajima, H., Ivlev, G., Makshtas, A., Tereb, N., Goutail, Florence, Pazmino, Andrea, Pommereau, Jean-PierreContributors: “...Roshydromet, Russia...”
Published 2013
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480by Dorokhov, Valery, Tsvetkova, N., Yushkov, Vladimir, Nakajima, H., Ivlev, G., Makshtas, A., Tereb, N., Goutail, Florence, Pazmino, Andrea, Pommereau, Jean-PierreContributors: “...Roshydromet, Russia...”
Published 2013
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