Russia
![Yamnaya](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg)
The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.
In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and annexation of Crimea in 2014 from neighbouring Ukraine, followed by the further annexation of four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion.
Russia's advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production. It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. Russia is a great power and a regional power. The country ranks low in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; corruption remains a significant challenge. Russia is also a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Provided by Wikipedia
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341by Baztan, Juan, Cordier, Mateo, Huctin, Jean-Michel, Zhu, Zhiwei, Vanderlinden, Jean-PaulContributors: “...Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia...”
Published in Polar Science (2017)
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342Contributors: “...Academy of Finland project ‘Russia’s final energy frontier – Sustainability challenges...”
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343by Vysot s!kii, V. I. (Vladimir Igorevich)Contributors: “...Vserossiiskii nauchno-issledovatel'skii geologorazvedochnyi nefti a!noi institut (Moscow, Russia)...”
Published 1994
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344by A. N. Barkovsky, R. R. Akhmatdinov, A. M. Biblin, A. G. Sivenkov, A. G. Tsovyanov, V. E. Zhuravleva, S. I. Kuvshinnikov, O. E. Tutelyan, А. Н. Барковский, Р. Р. Ахматдинов, А. М. Библин, А. Г. Сивенков, А. Г. Цовьянов, В. Г. Журавлева, С. И. Кувшинников, О. Е. ТутельянContributors: “...The study was financed by a State contract № 81.001.22.2, 15.07.2022 with FMBA of Russia....”
Published in Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene (2023)
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345by Orgogozo, Laurent, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Pokrovsky, Oleg S., Grenier, Christophe, Quintard, Michel, Viers, Jérôme, Audry, StéphaneContributors: “...V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest (RUSSIA)...”
Published in Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (2019)
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346by Giaccio, B., Isaia, R., Fedele, F., Di Canzio, E., Hoffecker, J., Ronchitelli, A., Sinitsyn, A., Anikovich, M., Lisitsyn, S., Popov, V.Contributors: “..., Russia...”
Published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2007)
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347by Giaccio, B., Isaia, R., Fedele, F. G., Di Canzio, E., Hoffecker, J., Ronchitelli, A., Sinitsyn, A. A., Anikovich, M., Lisitsyn, S., Popov, V. V.Contributors: “..., Petersburg, Russia...”
Published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2008)
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348by Vasilenko, Y.P., Gorbarenko, S.A., Bosin, A.A., Artemova, A.V., Yanchenko, E.A., Shi, X.-F., Zou, J.-J., Liu, Y.-G., Toropova, S.I.Contributors: “...Ministry of Science and Education of Russia...”
Published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2019)
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349by N. Rudakov V., I. Samoylenko E., S. Shtrek V., S. Rudakova A., L. Kumpan V., Ya. Igolkina P., V. Rar A., E. Zhirakovskaya V., S. Tkachev E., N. Tikunova V., T. Kostrykina V., I. Blokhina A., P. Lents A., Н. Рудаков В., И. Самойленко Е., С. Штрек В., С. Рудакова А., Л. Кумпан В., Я. Иголкина П., В. Рар А., Е. Жираковская В., С. Ткачев Е., Н. Тикунова В., Т. Кострыкина В., И. Блохина А., П. Ленц А.Contributors: “...The study was partially supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia...”
Published in Genome Announcements (2021)
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350by Vadim Mamkin V., Yulia Mukhartova V., Maria Diachenko S., Julia Kurbatova A.Contributors: “... “Biodiversity of natural systems and biological resources of Russia”....”
Published in GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY (2019)
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351by Rudakov N.V., Samoylenko I.E., Shtrek S.V., Rudakova S.A., Kumpan L.V., Igolkina Y.P., Rar V.A., Zhirakovskaya E.V., Tkachev S.E., Tikunova N.V., Kostrykina T.V., Blokhina I.A., Lents P.A.Contributors: “...The study was partially supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia...”
Published in Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity (2021)
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352by Conradi, Mercedes, Bandera, Eugenia, Mudrova, Sofya V., Ivanenko, Viatcheslav N.Contributors: “..., 119992, Russia...”
Published in ZooKeys (2018)
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353by Li, Xiaoli, Zhang, Lifei, Wei, Chunjing, Slabunov, Alexander I.Contributors: “...Karelian Res Ctr RAS, Inst Geol, Petrozavodsk 185910, Russia....”
Published in Precambrian Research (2015)
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354by P. Rodionova M., A. Turchaninova S., S. Sokratov A., Yu. Seliverstov G., T. Glazovskaya G., П. Родионова М., А. Турчанинова С., С. Сократов А., Ю. Селиверстов Г., Т. Глазовская Г.Contributors: “... and debris flows risk at the territory of Russia: estimation, forecast and mitigation measures»...”
Published in Ice and Snow (2019)
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355by A. Komarov Y., Y. Seliverstov G., P. Grebennikov B., S. Sokratov A., А. Комаров Ю., Ю. Селиверстов Г., П. Гребенников Б., С. Сократов А.Contributors: “... and debris flows risk at the territory of Russia: estimation, forecast and mitigation measures»...”
Published in Ice and Snow (2018)
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356by Docquier, David, Grist, Jeremy P., Roberts, Malcolm J., Roberts, Christopher D., Semmler, Tido, Ponsoni, Leandro, Massonnet, François, Sidorenko, Dmitry, Sein, Dmitry V., Iovino, Doroteaciro, Bellucci, Alessio, Fichefet, ThierryContributors: “...FASO Russia...”
Published in Climate Dynamics (2019)
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357by Redin, Dmitry AlekseevichContributors: “... Education on the topic “Regional Identity of Russia: Comparative Historical and Philological Studies” FEUZ...”
Published in Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts (2023)
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358by Park, Hotaek, Launiainen, Samuli, Konstantinov, Pavel Y., Iijima, Yoshihiro, Fedorov, Alexander N.Contributors: “...Melnikov Permafrost Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russia...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
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359by Li, Xiaoying, Jin, Huijun, He, Ruixia, Huang, Yadong, Wang, Hongwei, Luo, Dongliang, Jin, Xiaoying, Lü, Lanzhi, Wang, Lizhong, Li, Wei'hai, Wei, Changlei, Chang, Xiaoli, Yang, Sizhong, Yu, ShaopengContributors: “...Changes in permafrost in China, Russia and Mongolia and their impacts on key engineering...”
Published in Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (2019)
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360Contributors: “... processes in the world ocean, seas and estuaries of Russia, Arctic and Antarctic” of the Roshydromet...”
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