Russia
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The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the Grand Duchy of Moscow led the unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.
In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and its war with Ukraine since 2014, which has involved the internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian territory including Crimea in 2014 and four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion.
Russia is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. Russia is generally considered a great power and is a regional power. Internationally, Russia ranks very low in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. As of 2024, Russia has a high-income economy which ranks eleventh in the world by nominal GDP and sixth at purchasing power parity, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Provided by Wikipedia
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281Contributors: “...North Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia...”
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282by E. V. Svirshchevskaya, E. V. Matushevskaya, M. A. Ivanova, E. V. Vladimirova, Yu I. Matushevskaya, Е. В. Свирщевская, Е. В. Матушевская, М. А. Иванова, Е. В. Владимирова, Ю. И. МатушевскаяContributors: “...This work is funded by Akrikhin JSC (Russia)...”
Published in Marine Micropaleontology (2024)
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283by Demchev, Denis, Sudakow, Ivan, Khodos, Alexander, Abramova, Irina, Lyakhov, Dmitry, Michels, Dominik L.Contributors: “...The Center for Research and Invention, Veliky Novgorod 173008, Russia...”
Published in Remote Sensing (2023)
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284by Vandenberghe, J., Renssen, H., Roche, D.M., Goosse, Hugues, Velichko, A.A., Gorbunov, A., Levavasseur, G.Contributors: “...Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia - Laboratory of Evolutionary...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2012)
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285by Vandenberghe, J., Renssen, H., Roche, D.M., Goosse, Hugues, Velichko, A.A., Gorbunov, A., Levavasseur, G.Contributors: “...Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia - Laboratory of Evolutionary...”
Published in Quaternary Science Reviews (2012)
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286by Belokopytova, Liliana V., Zhirnova, Dina F., Krutovsky, Konstantin V., Mapitov, Nariman B., Vaganov, Eugene A., Babushkina, Elena A.Contributors: “..., Russia; dina-zhirnova@mail.ru (D.F.Z.); babushkina70@mail.ru (E.A.B.)...”
Published in Forests (2022)
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287by Volkov, Denis L., Kubryakov, Arseny A., Lumpkin, RickContributors: “...Saint Petersburg State University (Russia)...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers (2015)
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288by Vasilyeva, Lina V, Omelchenko, Marina V, Berestovskaya, Yulia Y, Lysenko, Anatolii M, Abraham, Wolf-Rainer, Dedysh, Svetlana N, Zavarzin, George AContributors: “... 7/2, Moscow 117312, Russia....”
Published in International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2006)
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289Contributors: “... (IZMIRAN), Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk (Moscow Region), Russia...”
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290by Kleimenova, N. G., Francia, P., Villante, U., Kozyreva, O. V., Bitterly, J., Schott, J. J.Contributors: “...Kleimenova, N. G.; Institute of the Physics of the Earth, Moscow, Russia...”
Published 1999
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291by Kuchta, Roman, Hanzelova, Vladimira, Shinn, Andrew, Poddubnaya, Larisa, Scholz, TomasContributors: “...Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia...”
Published 2005
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292by Tapio, Ilma, Tapio, Miika, Li, Menghua, Popov, Ruslan, Ivanova, Zoya, Kantanen, JuhaContributors: “...Yakutian Research Institute of Agriculture, Russia...”
Published in Genetics Selection Evolution (2010)
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293by Plemyashov, K., Nikitkina, E., Lindeberg, H., Holand, O., Krutikova, A., Timofeeva, S., Shiryaev, G., Musidray, A.Contributors: “...All-Russia Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics & Breeding...”
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294Contributors: “...Scientific and Scientific-Pedagogical Personnel of Innovative Russia...”
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295by Lemenkova, PolinaContributors: “...Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia RUDN...”
Published 2015
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296by Lemenkova, PolinaContributors: “...Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia RUDN...”
Published 2015
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297by Astakhov, A.S., Shi, Xuefa, Darin, A.V., Kalugin, I.A., Hu, Limin, Tsoy, I.B., Kolesnik, A.N., Obrezkova, M.S., Alatortsev, A.V., Babich, V.V., Plotnikov, V.V.Contributors: “...Ministry of Science and Education of Russia...”
Published in Marine Geology (2020)
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298by Petrovskaya, L.E., Lukashev, E.P., Chupin, V.V., Sychev, S.V., Lyukmanova, E.N., Kryukova, E.A., Ziganshin, R.H., Spirina, E.V., Rivkina, E.M., Khatypov, R.A., Erokhina, L.G., Gilichinsky, D.A., Shuvalov, V.A., Kirpichnikov, M.P.Contributors: “...Scientific-Pedagogical Staff of Innovative Russia...”
Published in FEBS Letters (2010)
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299Contributors: “...Smyshlyaev, S.; Russian State Hydrometeorological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia...”
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300by Mathiesen, Sofie Smedegaard, Thyrring, Jakob, Hemmer-Hansen, Jakob, Berge, Jørgen, Sukhotin, Alexey, Leopold, Peter, Bekaert, Michaël, Sejr, Mikael Kristian, Nielsen, Einar EgContributors: “...Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia...”
Published in Evolutionary Applications (2017)
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