Russia
![Yamnaya](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg)
The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.
In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and annexation of Crimea in 2014 from neighbouring Ukraine, followed by the further annexation of four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion.
Russia's advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production. It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. Russia is a great power and a regional power. The country ranks low in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; corruption remains a significant challenge. Russia is also a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Provided by Wikipedia
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261by Korotkov, Vladimir, Leinonen, Timo, Palenova, Maria, Filipchuk, Andrey, Nesterenko, YuryContributors: “...Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Moscow, Russia...”
Published 2008
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262by Belousov, Alexander, Belousova, Marina, Edwards, Benjamin, Volynets, Anna, Melnikov, DmitryContributors: “...Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Petropavlovsk, Russia...”
Published in Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2015)
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263by Baker, Matthew R., Kivva, Kirill K., Pisareva, Maria N., Watson, Jordan T., Selivanova, JuliaContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Education of Russia...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (2020)
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264Contributors: “...The Ministry of Education and Science of Russia...”
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265Estimation of Atmospheric Microwave Radiation Parameters Over the Arctic Sea Ice From the AMSR2 Databy Zabolotskikh, Elizaveta V., Chapron, BertrandContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia through the State Assignment...”
Published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (2024)
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266by Leonov, Vladislav D.Contributors: “...A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, 119071, Russia....”
Published 2020
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267by Bashirova, Leyla, Dorokhova, Evgenia, Sivkov, Vadim, Novichkova, EkaterinaContributors: “...FASO Russia...”
Published in Data in Brief (2018)
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268by Mukhortova, Liudmila V.Contributors: “...V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia...”
Published 2012
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269by Ashchepkov, I.V., Logvinova, A.M., Reimers, L.F., Ntaflos, T., Spetsius, Z.V., Vladykin, N.V., Downes, H., Yudin, D.S., Travin, A.V., Makovchuk, I.V., Palesskiy, V.S., Khmel'nikova, O.S.Contributors: “...President of Russia...”
Published in Geoscience Frontiers (2015)
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270by Mikhailovskaya, L.N., Molchanova, I.V., Pozolotina, V.N., Zhuravlev, Yu.N., Timofeeva, Ya.O., Burdukovsky, M.L.Contributors: “...FASO of Russia...”
Published in Journal of Environmental Radioactivity (2017)
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271Contributors: “...Grant Council of the President of Russia...”
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272by Leonard, W.R., Levy, S.B., Tarskaia, L.A., Klimova, T.M., Fedorova, V.I., Baltakhinova, M.E., Krivoshapkin, V.G., Snodgrass, J.J.Contributors: “...Ministry of Education and Science of Russia...”
Published in American Journal of Human Biology (2014)
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273by Nela, Bala Raju, Singh, Gulab, Mohanty, Shradha, Rajat, Arigony-Neto, Jorge, Glazovsky, Andrey F.Contributors: “...the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia...”
Published in Geocarto International (2022)
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274by Tereshchenko, Sergey Yu, Smolnikova, Marina V., Freidin, Maxim B.Contributors: “..., Krasnoyarsk, Russia...”
Published in Immunogenetics (2020)
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275by Usenyuk-Kravchuk, Svetlana, Garin, Nikolai, Trofimenko, Alexandra, Kukanov, DenisContributors: “...Russian Science Foundation, Russia...”
Published in Heliyon (2020)
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276by Hryniewicz, Krzysztof, Hagström, Jonas, Hammer, Øyvind, Kaim, Andrzej, Little, Crispin T.S., Nakrem, Hans ArneContributors: “...ExxonMobilRussia...”
Published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (2015)
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277Contributors: “...Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), 74 Sredny Prospect, St Petersburg, 199106, Russia...”
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278Contributors: “...ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF RUSSIA MOSCOW RUS...”
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279Contributors: “... of Russia, Project No. FZZE-2020-0021...”
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280Contributors: “..., Russia....”
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