Russia
Russia,, }} or the Russian Federation,}} is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area, extending across eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. Norway and Finland to the northwest; Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine to the west, as well as Lithuania and Poland (with Kaliningrad Oblast); Georgia and Azerbaijan to the southwest; Kazakhstan and Mongolia to the south; China and North Korea to the southeast. Russia also shares maritime boundaries with Japan and the United States. Russia also shares borders with the two partially recognised breakaway states of South Ossetia and Abkhazia that it occupies in Georgia.}} It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. Russia is a highly urbanised country including 16 population centres with over a million inhabitants. Its capital as well as its largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and its cultural capital.The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.
In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countries, including its war with Georgia in 2008 and annexation of Crimea in 2014 from neighbouring Ukraine, followed by the further annexation of four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion.
Russia's advanced economy ranks among the largest in the world, relying on its vast mineral and energy resources; the world's second-largest for oil production and natural gas production. It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. Russia is a great power and a regional power. The country ranks low in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; corruption remains a significant challenge. Russia is also a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Provided by Wikipedia
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221by Claudia Allemani, Tomohiro Matsuda, Veronica Di Carlo, Rhea Harewood, Melissa Matz, Maja Nikšić, Audrey Bonaventure, Mikhail Valkov, Christopher J Johnson, Jacques Estève, Olufemi J Ogunbiyi, Gulnar Azevedo e Silva, Wan-Qing Chen, Sultan Eser, Gerda Engholm, Charles A Stiller, Alain Monnereau, Ryan R Woods, Otto Visser, Gek Hsiang Lim, Joanne Aitken, Hannah K Weir, Michel P Coleman, S Bouzbid, M Hamdi-Chérif, Z Zaidi, K Meguenni, D Regagba, S Bayo, T Cheick Bougadari, S S Manraj, A Fabowale, O J Ogunbiyi, D Bradshaw, N I M Somdyala, I Kumcher, F Moreno, G H Calabrano, S B Espinola, B Carballo Quintero, R Fita, M C Diumenjo, W D Laspada, S G Ibañez, C A Lima, P C F De Souza, K Del Pino, C Laporte, M P Curado, J C de Oliveira, C L A Veneziano, D B Veneziano, M R D O Latorre, L F Tanaka, M S Rebelo, M O Santos, G Azevedo e Silva, J C Galaz, M Aparicio Aravena, J Sanhueza Monsalve, D A Herrmann, S Vargas, V M Herrera, C J Uribe, L E Bravo, L S Garcia, N E Arias-Ortiz, D Morantes, D M Jurado, M C Yépez Chamorro, S Delgado, M Ramirez, Y H Galán Alvarez, P Torres, F Martínez-Reyes, L Jaramillo, R Quinto, J, M Mendoza, P Cueva, J G Yépez, B Bhakkan, J Deloumeaux, C Joachim, J Macni, R Carrillo, J Shalkow Klincovstein, R Rivera Gomez, E Poquioma, G Tortolero-Luna, D Zavala, R Alonso, E Barrios, A Eckstrand, C Nikiforuk, R R Woods, G Noonan, D Turner, E Kumar, B Zhang, F R McCrate, S Ryan, M MacIntyre, N Saint-Jacques, D E Nishri, C A McClure, K A Vriends, S Kozie, H Stuart-Panko, T Freeman, J T George, J T Brockhouse, D K O'Brien, A Holt, L Almon, S Kwong, C Morris, R Rycroft, L Mueller, C E Phillips, H Brown, B Cromartie, A G Schwartz, F Vigneau, G M Levin, B Wohler, R Bayakly, K C Ward, S L Gomez, M McKinley, R Cress, M D Green, K Miyagi, C J Johnson, L P Ruppert, C F Lynch, B Huang, T C Tucker, D Deapen, L Liu, M C Hsieh, X C Wu, M Schwenn, S T Gershman, R C Knowlton, G Alverson, G E Copeland, S Bushhouse, D B Rogers, J Jackson-Thompson, D Lemons, H J Zimmerman, M Hood, J Roberts-Johnson, J R Rees, B Riddle, K S Pawlish, A Stroup, C Key, C Wiggins, A R Kahn, M J Schymura, S Radhakrishnan, C Rao, L K Giljahn, R M Slocumb, R E Espinoza, F Khan, K G Aird, T Beran, J J Rubertone, S J Slack, L Garcia, D L Rousseau, T A Janes, S M Schwartz, S W Bolick, D M Hurley, M A Whiteside, P Miller-Gianturco, M A Williams, K Herget, C Sweeney, A T Johnson, M B Keitheri Cheteri, P Migliore Santiago, S E Blankenship, S Farley, R Borchers, R Malicki, J R Espinoza, J Grandpre, H K Weir, R Wilson, B K Edwards, A Mariotto. 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Nennecke, J Kieschke, E Sirri, K Emrich, S R Zeissig, B Holleczek, N Eisemann, A Katalinic, R A Asquez, V Kumar, E Petridou, E J Ólafsdóttir, L Tryggvadóttir, K Clough-Gorr, P M Walsh, H Sundseth, G Mazzoleni, F Vittadello, E Coviello, F Cuccaro, R Galasso, G Sampietro, A Giacomin, M Magoni, A Ardizzone, A D'Argenzio, M Castaing, G Grosso, A M Lavecchia, A Sutera Sardo, G Gola, L Gatti, P Ricci, S Ferretti, D Serraino, A Zucchetto, M V Celesia, R A Filiberti, F Pannozzo, A Melcarne, F Quarta, A G Russo, G Carrozzi, C Cirilli, L Cavalieri d'Oro, M Rognoni, M Fusco, M F Vitale, M Usala, R Cusimano, W Mazzucco, M Michiara, P Sgargi, L Boschetti, E Borciani, P Seghini, M M Maule, F Merletti, R Tumino, P Mancuso, M Vicentini, T Cassetti, R Sassatelli, F Falcini, S Giorgetti, A L Caiazzo, R Cavallo, R Cesaraccio, D R Pirino, M L Contrino, F Tisano, A C Fanetti, S Maspero, S Carone, A Mincuzzi, G Candela, T Scuderi, M A Gentilini, S Pier, S Rosso, A Barchielli, A Caldarella, F Bianconi, F Stracci, P Contiero, G Tagliabue, M Rugge, M Zorzi, S Beggiato, A Brustolin, F Berrino, G Gatta, M Sant, C Buzzoni, L Mangone, R Capocaccia, R De Angelis, R Zanetti, A Maurina, S Pildava, N Lipunova, I Vincerževskienė, D Agius, N Calleja, S Siesling, O Visser, Larønningen, B Møller, A Dyzmann-Sroka, M Trojanowski, S Góźdź, R Mężyk, T Mierzwa, L Molong, J Rachtan, S Szewczyk, J Błaszczyk, K Kępska, B Kościańska, K Tarocińska, M Zwierko, K Drosik, K M Maksimowicz, E Purwin-Porowska, E Reca, J Wójcik-Tomaszewska, A Tukiendorf, M Grądalska-Lampart, A U Radziszewska, A Gos, M Talerczyk, M Wyborska, J A Didkowska, U Wojciechowska, M Bielska-Lasota, G Forjaz de Lacerda, R A Rego, J Bastos, M A Silva, L Antunes, J Laranja Pontes, A Mayer-da-Silva, A Miranda, L M Blaga, D Coza, Russia: M Y Valkov, L Gusenkova, O Lazarevich, O Prudnikova, D M Vjushkov, A G Egorova, A E Orlov, L A Kudyakov, L V Pikalova, J Adamcik, C Safaei Diba, M Primic-Žakelj, V Zadnik, N Larrañaga, A Lopez de Munain, A A Herrera, R Redondas, R Marcos-Gragera, M L Vilardell Gil, E Molina, M J Sánchez Perez, P Franch Sureda, M Ramos Montserrat, M D Chirlaque, C Navarro, E E Ardanaz, M M Guevara, R Fernández-Delgado, R Peris-Bonet, M Carulla, J Galceran, C Alberich, M Vicente-Raneda, S Khan, D Pettersson, P Dickman, I Avelina, K Staehelin, B Camey, C Bouchardy, R Schaar, H Frick, C Herrmann, J L Bulliard, M Maspoli-Conconi, C E Kuehni, S M Redmond, A Bordoni, L Ortelli, A Chiolero, I Konzelmann, K L Matthes, S Rohrmann, Broggio, J Rashbass, D Fitzpatrick, A Gavin, D I Clark, A J Deas, D W Huws, C White, C Allemani, A Bonaventure, M P Coleman, V Di Carlo, R Harewood, M Matz, L Montel, M Nikšić, B Rachet, A D Turculeț, R Stephens, C A Stiller, E Chalker, H Phung, R Walton, H You, S Guthridge, F Johnson, J Aitken, P Gordon, K D'Onise, K Priest, B C Stokes, A Venn, H Farrugia, V Thurs eld, J Dowlin, D Currow, J Hendrix, C LewisContributors: “..., A Mayer-da-Silva, A Miranda, L M Blaga, D Coza, Russia: M Y Valkov, L Gusenkova, O Lazarevich, O...”
Published in The Lancet (2018)
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222Contributors: “...Firstov, P. P.; Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia...”
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223Contributors: “...Golynsky, A. V.; VNII Okeangeologia, St. Petersburg, Russia...”
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226by Slabunov, A. I., Azimov, P. Ya., Glebovitskii, V. A., Zhang, L., Kevlich, V. I.Contributors: “...Slabunov, AI (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geol, Karelian Res Ctr, Petrozavodsk, Russia...”
Published in Doklady Earth Sciences (2016)
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227Contributors: “...Leitchenkov, G. L.; VNIIOkeanologia, St. Petersburg, Russia...”
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228by Fedorov, A.N., Konstantinov, P.Y., Vasilyev, N.F., Shestakova, A.A.Contributors: “...Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia...”
Published in Polar Science (2019)
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229by Nekrasova, Olga, Radchenko, Tatiana, Filimonova, Elena, Lukina, Natalia, Glazyrina, Margarita, Dergacheva, Maria, Uchaev, Anton, Betekhtina, AnnaContributors: “...Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia...”
Published in Folia Forestalia Polonica (2020)
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230by Molchanov, O. A., Yu. Schekotov, A., Fedorov, E., Belyaev, G. G., Solovieva, M. S., Hayakawa, M.Contributors: “..., Moscow, Russia...”
Published 2004
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231Contributors: “...V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia...”
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232by Syunev, Vladimir, Sokolov, Anton, Konovalov, Alexandr, Katarov, Vasily, Seliverstov, Alexandr, Gerasimov, Yuri, Karvinen, Sari, Välkky, ElinaContributors: “...Petrozavodsk State University. Faculty of Forest Engineering, Russia...”
Published 2009
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233by Mikhailov, Y. M., Mikhailova, G. A., Kapustina, O. V., Buzevich, A. V., Smirnov, S. E.Contributors: “...),Russian Academy of Science, Troitsk (Moscow Region), Russia...”
Published 2004
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234by Zhirnova, Dina F., Belokopytova, Liliana V., Krutovsky, Konstantin V., Kholdaenko, Yulia A., Babushkina, Elena A., Vaganov, Eugene A.Contributors: “...Zhirnova, Dina F.; 1Khakass Technical Institute, Siberian Federal University, 655017 Abakan, Russia...”
Published in Forests (2022)
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235Contributors: “... (the Netherlands), Y. V Kuzmin (Russia), E.V. Parkhomchuk (Russia), V.V. Parkhomchuk (Russia), and S.A. Rastigeev...”
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236by Anijalg, Peeter, Ho, Simon Y. W., Davison, John, Keis, Marju, Tammeleht, Egle, Bobowik, Katalina, Tumanov, Igor L., Saveljev, Alexander P., Lyapunova, Elena A., Vorobiev, Alexandr A., Markov, Nikolai I., Kryukov, Alexey P., Kojola, Ilpo, Swenson, Jon E., Hagen, Snorre B., Eiken, Hans Geir, Paule, Ladislav, Saarma, UrmasContributors: “...Russian Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming, Russia...”
Published in Journal of Biogeography
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237Contributors: “...Mainstreaming the biodiversity and conservation into Russia's energy sector policies and operations...”
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238Contributors: “...North Forestry Research Institute, Arkhangelsk, Russia...”
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239by Blumroeder, Jeanette Silvin, Hobson, Peter Ralph, Graebener, Uli Frank, Krueger, Joerg-Andreas, Dobrynin, Denis, Burova, Natalya, Amosa, Irina, Winter, Susanne, Ibisch, Pierre LeonhardContributors: “...Andrey Shegolev and Nicolay Shmatkov, WWF Russia...”
Published 2018
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240Contributors: “...A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russia...”
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