Research and development
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Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones. Research and development constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.
R&D activities differ from institution to institution, with two primary models of an R&D department either staffed by engineers and tasked with directly developing new products, or staffed with industrial scientists and tasked with applied research in scientific or technological fields, which may facilitate future product development. R&D differs from the vast majority of corporate activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain return on investment. However R&D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the market through the marketisation of new products. R&D&I or R&D&i are also acronyms with the same general meaning of R&D and stand for research, development and innovation. Provided by Wikipedia
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81by Brodylo, David, Douglas, Thomas A, Zhang, CaiyunContributors: “...Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program...”
Published in Environmental Research Letters (2024)
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82by Kim, Hye-Jin, Son, Seok-Woo, Moon, Woosok, Kug, Jong-Seong, Hwang, JaeyoungContributors: “...the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2021)
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83by Wang, Xin, Zhu, Maguang, Li, Xiaoqian, Qin, Zongze, Lu, Guanghao, Zhao, Jianwen, Zhang, ZhiyongContributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
Published in Advanced Materials (2022)
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84Contributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
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85by Zhang, Tong, Cao, Le, Li, Simeng, Zhan, Chenchao, Wang, Jiandong, Zhao, TianliangContributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research...”
Published in Atmospheric Research (2024)
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86by Zhang, Jing, Lai, Yuanming, Zhao, Yanhu, Li, ShuangyangContributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
Published in Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (2020)
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87by Liu, Wenxuan, Nan, Fulong, Liu, Fengjun, Yang, Xiaoli, Li, Zonghui, Jiang, Shasha, Zhang, Xianjuan, Li, Jun, Yu, Meng, Wang, Yunyang, Wang, BinContributors: “...MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
Published in mSphere (2024)
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88Daily sea ice concentration product based on brightness temperature data of FY-3D MWRI in the ArcticContributors: “...the National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
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89by Yu, Jiachen, Wang, Xingqiang, Qian, Shiyue, Liu, Pengfei, Li, Xian, Li, JunContributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
Published in Aquatic Toxicology (2022)
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90by Wang, Pan, Zhang, Li, Fisher, Rebecca, Chen, Meiqi, Liang, Shuli, Han, Shuangyan, Zheng, Suiping, Sui, Haixin, Lin, YingContributors: “...China National High Technology Research and Development Program...”
Published in Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (2017)
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91by Jiang, Su, Shi, Guitao, Cole-Dai, Jihong, Zhao, Qian, Li, Yangjie, Wang, Dongqi, Sun, BoContributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
Published in CATENA (2021)
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92by He, Yingying, Zheng, Zhou, An, Meiling, Chen, Hao, Qu, Changfeng, Liu, Fangming, Wang, Yibin, Miao, Jinlai, Hou, XuguangContributors: “...the National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
Published in 3 Biotech (2019)
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93by Zhou, Yadong, Wang, Yuan, Li, Yuanning, Shen, Chengcheng, Liu, Zhensheng, Wang, ChunshengContributors: “...China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association...”
Published in Marine Biodiversity (2020)
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94by Zhu, Jing, Chen, Min, Hu, Wangjiang, Zheng, Minfang, Qiu, YushengContributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
Published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers (2021)
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95Refinement of a classification system for gonad development in the triploid oyster Crassostrea gigasContributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
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96Contributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
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97by Shen, Qiang, Shum, C. K., Wang, Hansheng, Jiang, Liming, Yang, Banghui, Zhang, Chaoyang, Dong, Jinglong, Gao, Fan, Lai, Weiyu, Liu, TiantianContributors: “...Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province of China...”
Published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (2023)
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98by Shi, Jiachen, Sun, Xian, Wang, Yanan, Yin, Shipeng, Liu, Yuanfa, Xu, Yong-JiangContributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
Published in Food Bioscience (2023)
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99by Wang, Jin, Dou, Yinke, Zuo, Guangyu, Lan, Musheng, Chang, Xiaomin, Yang, Bo, Du, Zhiheng, Yu, Miaoyuan, Mao, QingyangContributors: “...National Key Research and Development Program of China...”
Published in AIP Advances (2022)
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100by Yu, Hao, Tian, Zhongxiang, Li, ChunhuaContributors: “...Research and Development...”
Published in 2022 3rd International Conference on Geology, Mapping and Remote Sensing (ICGMRS) (2022)
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