Pope
The pope (, from ) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. He is also known as the supreme pontiff, or }} Roman pontiff}} or sovereign pontiff. From the eighth century until 1870, the pope was the sovereign or head of state of the Papal States, and since 1929, of the much smaller Vatican City State. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013.From a Catholic viewpoint, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the Keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the Church would be built.
While his office is called the papacy, the jurisdiction of the episcopal see is called the Holy See. It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity under international law headquartered in the distinctively independent Vatican City State, a city-state which forms a geographical enclave within the conurbation of Rome, established by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 between Italy and the Holy See to ensure its and spiritual independence. The Holy See is recognized by its adherence at various levels to international organizations and by means of its diplomatic relations and political accords with many independent states.
According to Catholic tradition, the apostolic see of Rome was founded by Saint Peter and Saint Paul in the first century. The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in human history. In ancient times, the popes helped spread Christianity and intervened to find resolutions in various doctrinal disputes. In the Middle Ages, they played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs. In addition to the expansion of Christian faith and doctrine, modern popes are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue, charitable work, and the defence of human rights.
Over time, the papacy accrued broad secular and political influence, eventually rivalling those of territorial rulers. In recent centuries, the temporal authority of the papacy has declined and the office is now largely focused on religious matters. By contrast, papal claims of spiritual authority have been increasingly firmly expressed over time, culminating in 1870 with the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility for rare occasions when the pope speaks —literally 'from the chair (of Saint Peter)'—to issue a formal definition of faith or morals. The pope is considered one of the world's most powerful people due to the extensive diplomatic, cultural, and spiritual influence of his position on both 1.3billion Catholics and those outside the Catholic faith, and because he heads the world's largest non-government provider of education and health care, with a vast network of charities. Provided by Wikipedia
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541by Orton, D.C., Makowiecki, D., de Roo, T., Johnstone, C., Harland, J., Jonsson, L., Heinrich, D., Bødker Enghoff, I., Lougas, L., Van Neer, W., Ervynck, A., Hufthammer, A.K., Amundsen, C., Jones, A.K.G., Locker, A., Hamilton-Dyer, S., Pope, P., MacKenzie, B.R., Richards, M., O'Connell, T.C., Barrett, J.H.Get access
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542by Orton, D.C., Makowiecki, D., de Roo, T., Johnstone, C., Harland, J., Jonsson, L., Heinrich, D., Enghoff, I.B., Lougas, L., van Neer, W., Ervynck, A., Hufthammer, A.K., Amundsen, C., Jones, A.K.G., Locker, A., Hamilton-Dyer, S., Pope, P., MacKenzie, Brian, Richards, M., O'Connell, T.C., Barrett, J.H.Get access
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543by Valdes, P.J., Armstrong, E., Badger, M.P.S., Bradshaw, C.D., Bragg, F., Crucifix, M., Davies-Barnard, T., Day, J.J., Farnsworth, A., Gordon, C., Hopcroft, P.O., Kennedy, A.T., Lord, N.S., Lunt, D.J., Marzocchi, A., Parry, L.M., Pope, V., Roberts, W.H.G., Stone, E.J., Tourte, G.J.L., Williams, J.H.T.Get access
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544by P. J. Valdes, E. Armstrong, M. P. S. Badger, C. D. Bradshaw, F. Bragg, M. Crucifix, T. Davies-Barnard, J. J. Day, A. Farnsworth, C. Gordon, P. O. Hopcroft, A. T. Kennedy, N. S. Lord, D. J. Lunt, A. Marzocchi, L. M. Parry, V. Pope, W. H. G. Roberts, E. J. Stone, G. J. L. Tourte, J. H. T. WilliamsGet access
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545by Orton, David C., Makowiecki, Daniel, de Roo, Tessa, Johnstone, Cluny, Harland, Jennifer, Jonsson, Leif, Heinrich, Dirk, Enghoff, Inge Bødker, Lõugas, Lembi, van Neer, Wim, Ervynck, Anton, Hufthammer, Anne Karin, Amundsen, Colin, Jones, Andrew K G, Locker, Alison, Hamilton-Dyer, Sheila, Pope, Peter, MacKenzie, Brian R., Richards, Michael, O'Connell, Tamsin C., Barrett, James H.Get access
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546by Orton, David C., Makowiecki, Daniel, de Roo, Tessa, Johnstone, Cluny, Harland, Jennifer, Jonsson, Leif, Heinrich, Dirk, Enghoff, Inge Bødker, Lõugas, Lembi, Van Neer, Wim, Ervynck, Anton, Hufthammer, Anne Karin, Amundsen, Colin, Jones, Andrew K. G., Locker, Alison, Hamilton-Dyer, Sheila, Pope, Peter, MacKenzie, Brian R., Richards, Michael, O'Connell, Tamsin C., Barrett, James H.Get access
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547by David C Orton, Daniel Makowiecki, Tessa de Roo, Cluny Johnstone, Jennifer Harland, Leif Jonsson, Dirk Heinrich, Inge Bødker Enghoff, Lembi Lõugas, Wim Van Neer, Anton Ervynck, Anne Karin Hufthammer, Colin Amundsen, Andrew K G Jones, Alison Locker, Sheila Hamilton-Dyer, Peter Pope, Brian R MacKenzie, Michael Richards, Tamsin C O'Connell, James H BarrettGet access
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548by Orton, David C., Makowiecki, Daniel, Roo, Tessa de, Johnstone, Cluny, Harland, Jennifer, Jonsson, Leif, Heinrich, Dirk, Enghoff, Inge Bødker, Lõugas, Lembi, Neer, Wim Van, Ervynck, Anton, Hufthammer, Anne Karin, Amundsen, Colin, Jones, Andrew K. G., Locker, Alison, Hamilton-Dyer, Sheila, Pope, Peter, MacKenzie, Brian R., Richards, Michael, O’Connell, Tamsin C., Barrett, James H.Get access
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549by Orton, David, Makowiecki, Daniel, de Roo, Tessa, Johnstone, Cluny, Harland, Jennifer, Jonsson, Leif, Heinrich, Dirk, Enghoff, Inge Bødker, Lougas, Lembi, Van Neer, Wim, Ervynck, Anton, Hufthammer, Anne Karin, Amundsen, Colin, Jones, Andrew K. G., Locker, Alison, Hamilton-Dyer, Sheila, Pope, Peter, MacKenzie, Brian R., Richards, Michael, O'Connell, Tamsin C., Barrett, James HGet access
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550by Orton, D.C., Makowiecki, D., de Roo, T., Johnstone, C., Harland, J., Jonsson, L., Heinrich, D., Enghoff, I.B., Lõugas, L., Van Neer, W., Ervynck, A., Hufthammer, A.K., Amundsen, C., Jones, A.K.G., Locker, A., Hamilton-Dyer, Sheila, Pope, P., MacKenzie, B.R., Richards, M., O'Connell, T.C., Barrett, J.H.Get access
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551by David C Orton, Daniel Makowiecki, Tessa de Roo, Cluny Johnstone, Jennifer Harland, Leif Jonsson, Dirk Heinrich, Inge Bødker Enghoff, Lembi Lõugas, Wim Van Neer, Anton Ervynck, Anne Karin Hufthammer, Colin Amundsen, Andrew K G Jones, Alison Locker, Sheila Hamilton-Dyer, Peter Pope, Brian R MacKenzie, Michael Richards, Tamsin C O'Connell, James H BarrettGet access
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552by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P.S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Crucifix, Michel, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan, Farnsworth, Alex, Gordon, Chris, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Pope, Vicky, Roberts, William H.G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J.L., Williams, Jonny H.T.Get access
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553by Orton, David C., Makowiecki, Daniel, de Roo, Tessa, Johnstone, Cluny, Harland, Jennifer, Jonsson, Leif, Heinrich, Dirk, Enghoff, Inge Bødker, Lõugas, Lembi, Van Neer, Wim, Ervynck, Anton, Hufthammer, Anne Karin, Amundsen, Colin, Jones, Andrew K. G., Locker, Alison, Hamilton-Dyer, Sheila, Pope, Peter, MacKenzie, Brian, Richards, Michael, O'Connell, Tamsin C., Barrett, James H.Get access
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554by Orton, David C., Makowiecki, Daniel, de Roo, Tessa, Johnstone, Cluny, Harland, Jennifer, Jonsson, Leif, Heinrich, Dirk, Enghoff, Inge Bødker, Lõugas, Lembi, Van Neer, Wim, Ervynck, Anton, Hufthammer, Anne Karin, Amundsen, Colin, Jones, Andrew K. G., Locker, Alison, Hamilton-Dyer, Sheila, Pope, Peter, MacKenzie, Brian R., Richards, Michael, O'Connell, Tamsin C., Barrett, James H.Get access
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555by L. Marshall, A. Schmidt, M. Toohey, K. S. Carslaw, G. W. Mann, M. Sigl, M. Khodri, C. Timmreck, D. Zanchettin, W. T. Ball, S. Bekki, J. S. A. Brooke, S. Dhomse, C. Johnson, J.-F. Lamarque, A. N. LeGrande, M. J. Mills, U. Niemeier, J. O. Pope, V. Poulain, A. Robock, E. Rozanov, A. Stenke, T. Sukhodolov, S. Tilmes, K. Tsigaridis, F. TummonGet access
Published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2018)
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556by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P. S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Crucifix, Michel, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alex, Gordon, Chris, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Pope, Vicky, Roberts, William H. G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J. L., Williams, Jonny H. T.Get access
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557by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P. S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Crucifix, Michel, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alex, Gordon, Chris, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Pope, Vicky, Roberts, William H. G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J. L., Williams, Jonny H. T.Get access
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558by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P. S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Crucifix, Michel, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alex, Gordon, Chris, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Pope, Vicky, Roberts, William H. G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J. L., Williams, Jonny H. T.Get access
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559by Marshall, L., Schmidt, A., Toohey, M., Carslaw, K. S., Mann, G. W., Sigl, M., Khodri, Myriam, Timmreck, C., Zanchettin, D., Ball, W. T., Bekki, S., Brooke, J. S. A., Dhomse, S., Johnson, C., Lamarque, J. F., LeGrande, A. N., Mills, M. J., Niemeier, U., Pope, J. O., Poulain, V., Robock, A., Rozanov, E., Stenke, A., Sukhodolov, T., Tilmes, S., Tsigaridis, K., Tummon, F.Get access
Published 2018
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560by Valdes, Paul J., Armstrong, Edward, Badger, Marcus P. S., Bradshaw, Catherine D., Bragg, Fran, Crucifix, Michel, Davies-Barnard, Taraka, Day, Jonathan J., Farnsworth, Alex, Gordon, Chris, Hopcroft, Peter O., Kennedy, Alan T., Lord, Natalie S., Lunt, Dan J., Marzocchi, Alice, Parry, Louise M., Pope, Vicky, Roberts, William H. G., Stone, Emma J., Tourte, Gregory J. L., Williams, Jonny H. T.Get access
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