Poland
Poland, }} officially the Republic of Poland, , }} is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The territory is characterised by a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and temperate transitional climate. Poland is composed of sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the fifth largest EU country by land area, covering a combined area of . The capital and largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk.Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Glacial Period. Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity, in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by the West Slavic tribal Polans, who gave Poland its name. The process of establishing statehood coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity, under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church in 966. The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with an elective monarchy and a uniquely liberal political system, which adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791.
With the passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. Poland regained its independence at the end of World War I in 1918 with the creation of the Second Polish Republic, which emerged victorious in various conflicts of the interbellum period. In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties. Forced into the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War, the Polish People's Republic was a founding signatory of the Warsaw Pact. Through the emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a democratic state in 1989.
Poland is a unitary parliamentary republic with its bicameral legislature comprising the Sejm and the Senate. Considered a middle power, it is a developed market and high-income economy that is the sixth largest in the EU by nominal GDP and the fifth largest by GDP (PPP). Poland enjoys a very high standard of living, safety, and economic freedom, as well as free university education and universal health care. The country has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 15 of which are cultural. Poland is a founding member state of the United Nations and a member of the World Trade Organization, OECD, NATO, and the European Union (including the Schengen Area). Provided by Wikipedia
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142by Wojczulanis-Jakubas, Katarzyna, Drobniak, Szymon M., Jakubas, Dariusz, Kulpińska-Chamera, Monika, Chastel, OlivierContributors: “...Faculty of Biology Gdansk, Poland...”
Published in Ibis (2018)
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143by Wojczulanis-Jakubas, Katarzyna, Drobniak, Szymon M., Jakubas, Dariusz, Kulpińska-Chamera, Monika, Chastel, OlivierContributors: “...Faculty of Biology Gdansk, Poland...”
Published in Ibis (2018)
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144by Remin, Zbyszek, Cyglicki, Michał, Barski, Marcin, Dubicka, Zofia, Roszkowska-Remin, JoannaContributors: “...National Science Centre, Poland UMO-2013/09/B/ST10/01912...”
Published in Geological Quarterly (2021)
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145Revealing recent calving activity of a tidewater glacier with terrestrial LiDAR reflection intensityby Podgórski, Julian, Pętlicki, Michał, Kinnard, ChristopheContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland...”
Published in Cold Regions Science and Technology (2018)
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146by Panagiotopoulou, Hanna, Marzecki, Kacper, Gawor, Jan, Kuhl, Heiner, Koper, Michał, Weglenski, Piotr, Fajkowska, Magdalena, Szczepkowski, Mirosław, Baca, Mateusz, Gessner, Joern, Płecha, Magdalena, Rzepkowska, MałgorzataContributors: “...Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Poland...”
Published in Aquaculture (2023)
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147Air temperature and water level inferences from northeastern Lapland (69°N) since the Little Ice Ageby Luoto, Tomi P., Kivilä, E. Henriikka, Nevalainen, Liisa, Kotrys, Bartosz, Płóciennik, Mateusz, Rantala, Marttiina V.Contributors: “..., Wieniawskiego 20, 71-130 Szczecin, Poland...”
Published in Polish Polar Research (2020)
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148Contributors: “...National Science Centre Poland...”
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149by Vahlenkamp, Maximilian, Niezgodzki, Igor, De Vleeschouwer, David, Bickert, Torsten, Harper, Dustin, Kirtland Turner, Sandra, Lohmann, Gerrit, Sexton, Philip, Zachos, James, Pälike, HeikoContributors: “...National Center of Science, Poland...”
Published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2018)
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150by Arjen De Groot, G., Nowak, Carsten, Skrbinšek, Tomaz, Andersen, Liselotte W., Aspi, Jouni, Fumagalli, Luca, Godinho, Raquel, Harms, Verena, Jansman, Hughs A. H., Liberg, Olof, Marucco, Francesca, Myslajek, Rober W., Nowak, Sabina, Pilot, Malgorzata, Randi, Ettore, Reinhardt, Ilka, Smietana, Wojciech, Szewczyk, Maciej, Taberlet, Pierre, Vilà, Carles, Muñoz-Fuentes, VioletaContributors: “...National Science Centre (Poland)...”
Published in Mammal Review (2016)
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151by Kalińska‐Nartiša, Edyta, Woronko, Barbara, Ning, WenxinContributors: “...the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland...”
Published in Permafrost and Periglacial Processes (2017)
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152by Weydmann, Agata, Coelho, Nelson C., Serrão, Ester A., Burzyński, Artur, Pearson, Gareth A.Contributors: “...National Science Centre, Poland...”
Published in Polar Biology (2016)
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153by Drewnik, Anna, Węsławski, Jan Marcin, Włodarska-Kowalczuk, Maria, Łącka, Magdalena, Promińska, Agnieszka, Zaborska, Agata, Gluchowska, MartaContributors: “...National Center for Science in Krakow, Poland...”
Published in Polar Biology (2016)
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154by Tomala, MagdalenaContributors: “...–369 Kielce, Poland...”
Published in International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal (2017)
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155by Legutko, Agnieszka JoannaContributors: “..., 31–510 Kraków, Poland...”
Published in International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal (2017)
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156by Mysłajek, Robert W., Tracz, Maciej, Tracz, Magdalena, Tomczak, Patrycja, Szewczyk, Maciej, Niedźwiecka, Natalia, Nowak, SabinaContributors: “...National Science Centre (Poland)...”
Published in Mammalian Biology (2018)
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157by Szpak, AgnieszkaContributors: “.... Batorego 39 L, 87–100 Toruń, Poland...”
Published in International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal (2017)
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158by Komar, Maryna, Łanczont, Maria, Fedorowicz, Stanisław, Gozhik, Petro, Mroczek, Przemysław, Bogucki, AndryiContributors: “...Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the Operational Program Development of Eastern Poland...”
Published 2018
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159Contributors: “...Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland...”
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160Contributors: “..., Department of Vegetable Crops, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznan, Poland...”
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