Poland
Poland, }} officially the Republic of Poland, , }} is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The territory is characterised by a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and temperate transitional climate. Poland is composed of sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the fifth largest EU country by land area, covering a combined area of . The capital and largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk.Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Glacial Period. Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity, in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by the West Slavic tribal Polans, who gave Poland its name. The process of establishing statehood coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity, under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church in 966. The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with an elective monarchy and a uniquely liberal political system, which adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791.
With the passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. Poland regained its independence at the end of World War I in 1918 with the creation of the Second Polish Republic, which emerged victorious in various conflicts of the interbellum period. In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties. Forced into the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War, the Polish People's Republic was a founding signatory of the Warsaw Pact. Through the emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a democratic state in 1989.
Poland is a unitary parliamentary republic with its bicameral legislature comprising the Sejm and the Senate. Considered a middle power, it is a developed market and high-income economy that is the sixth largest in the EU by nominal GDP and the fifth largest by GDP (PPP). Poland enjoys a very high standard of living, safety, and economic freedom, as well as free university education and universal health care. The country has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 15 of which are cultural. Poland is a founding member state of the United Nations and a member of the World Trade Organization, OECD, NATO, and the European Union (including the Schengen Area). Provided by Wikipedia
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61by Szufa, Katarzyna M., Mietelski, Jerzy W., Anczkiewicz, Robert, Sala, Dariusz, Olech, Maria A.Contributors: “...National Science Center, Poland...”
Published in Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry (2018)
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62by Romaniuk, Krzysztof, Krucon, Tomasz, Decewicz, Przemyslaw, Gorecki, Adrian, Dziewit, LukaszContributors: “...National Science Centre, Poland...”
Published in Plasmid (2017)
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63Microbial community changes along the Ecology Glacier ablation zone (King George Island, Antarctica)by Grzesiak, Jakub, Zdanowski, Marek K., Górniak, Dorota, Świątecki, Aleksander, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk, Tamara, Szatraj, Katarzyna, Sasin-Kurowska, Joanna, Nieckarz, MartaContributors: “...National Science Center, Poland...”
Published in Polar Biology (2015)
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64by Pawłowska, Julia, Istel, Łukasz, Gorczak, Michał, Galera, Halina, Wrzosek, Marta, Hawksworth, David L.Contributors: “...National Science Centre, Poland...”
Published in Mycologia (2017)
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65by Gawor, Jan, Grzesiak, Jakub, Sasin-Kurowska, Joanna, Borsuk, Piotr, Gromadka, Robert, Górniak, Dorota, Świątecki, Aleksander, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk, Tamara, Zdanowski, Marek K.Contributors: “...National Science Center, Poland...”
Published in Extremophiles (2016)
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66by Grzesiak, Jakub, Górniak, Dorota, Świątecki, Aleksander, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk, Tamara, Szatraj, Katarzyna, Zdanowski, Marek K.Contributors: “...National Science Center, Poland...”
Published in Extremophiles (2015)
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67by Pawłowska, Julia, Istel, Łukasz, Gorczak, Michał, Galera, Halina, Wrzosek, Marta, Hawksworth, David L.Contributors: “...National Science Centre, Poland...”
Published in Mycologia (2017)
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68by Dziewit, Lukasz, Grzesiak, Jakub, Ciok, Anna, Nieckarz, Marta, Zdanowski, Marek K., Bartosik, DariuszContributors: “...National Science Center, Poland...”
Published in Plasmid (2013)
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69by Urbaniak, Lech, Wojnicka-Półtorak, Aleksandra, Celiński, Konrad, Lesiczka, Paulina, Pawlaczyk, Ewa, Aučina, AlgisContributors: “...National Science Centre Poland...”
Published in Biologia (2019)
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70by Łącka, Magdalena, Michalska, Danuta, Pawłowska, Joanna, Szymańska, Natalia, Szczuciński, Witold, Forwick, Matthias, Zajączkowski, MarekContributors: “...National Science Centre in Poland...”
Published in Scientific Reports (2020)
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71by Kujawa, Agnieszka, Łącka, Magdalena, Szymańska, Natalia, Pawłowska, Joanna, Telesiński, Maciej M., Zajączkowski, MarekContributors: “...National Science Centre in Poland...”
Published in Polar Biology (2021)
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72Contributors: “...National Science Centre, Poland...”
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73Contributors: “...National Science Centre in Poland...”
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74Contributors: “...National Science Centre, Poland...”
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75by Devendra, Dhanushka, Łącka, Magdalena, Szymańska, Natalia, Szymczak-Żyła, Małgorzata, Krajewska, Magdalena, Weiner, Agnes K.M., De Schepper, Stijn, Simon, Margit Hildegard, Zajączkowski, MarekContributors: “...National Science Centre Poland...”
Published in Global and Planetary Change (2023)
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76Contributors: “...National Science Centre in Poland...”
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77by Ewertowski, Marek W., Evans, David J.A., Roberts, David H., Tomczyk, Aleksandra M., Ewertowski, Wojciech, Pleksot, KrzysztofContributors: “...National Science Centre, Poland...”
Published in Geomorphology (2019)
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78by Kucharska, Małgorzata, Kujawa, Agnieszka, Pawłowska, Joanna, Łącka, Magdalena, Szymańska, Natalia, Lønne, Ole Jørgen, Zajączkowski, MarekContributors: “...National Science Centre in Poland...”
Published in Polar Biology (2018)
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79by Bautista, Carlos, Naves, Javier, Revilla, Eloy, Fernández, Néstor, Albrecht, Jörg, Scharf, Anne K., Rigg, Robin, Karamanlidis, Alexandros A., Jerina, Klemen, Huber, Djuro, Palazón, Santiago, Kont, Raido, Ciucci, Paolo, Groff, Claudio, Dutsov, Aleksandar, Seijas, Juan, Quenette, Pierres-Ives, Olszanska, Agnieszka, Shkvyria, Maryna, Adamec, Michal, Ozolins, Janis, Jonozovic, Marco, Selva, NuriaContributors: “...National Science Centre (Poland)...”
Published 2017
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80by Woltyńska, Aleksandra, Gawor, Jan, Olech, Maria A, Górniak, Dorota, Grzesiak, JakubContributors: “...National Science Centre, Poland...”
Published in FEMS Microbiology Ecology (2023)
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