Oceanography
![6}} undertook the first global marine research expedition in 1872.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Challenger.jpg)
Oceanography ('' ()|ocean||' ()|writing}}), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science''', is the scientific study of the ocean. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and seabed geology; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans, including marine geology, physics, chemistry, and biology. Provided by Wikipedia
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164by Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, Gille, Sarah, McKee, Darren, Martinson, DouglasGet access
Published 2016
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170by Meeting of Experts on Oceanography related to the Dynamics of the Antarctic Ecosystem, Kiel, Germany FR, 1984, Intergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionGet access
Published 1984
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176by Hövel, Laura, Brune, Sebastian, Baehr, Johanna, Brune, Sebastian; 1 Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability Institute of Oceanography Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany, Baehr, Johanna; 1 Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability Institute of Oceanography Universität Hamburg Hamburg GermanyGet access
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2022)
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