Oceanography
![6}} undertook the first global marine research expedition in 1872.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Challenger.jpg)
Oceanography ('' ()|ocean||' ()|writing}}), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science''', is the scientific study of the ocean. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and seabed geology; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans, including marine geology, physics, chemistry, and biology. Provided by Wikipedia
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3641by Charette, Matthew, A, Kipp, Lauren, Jensen, Laramie, Dabrowski, Jessica, Whitmore, Laura, Fitzsimmons, Jessica, Williford, Tatiana, Ulfsbo, Adam, Jones, Elizabeth, Bundy, Randelle, Vivancos, Sebastian, Pahnke, Katharina, John, Seth, Xiang, Yang, Hatta, Mariko, Petrova, Mariia, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Bauch, Dorothea, Newton, Robert, Pasqualini, Angelica, Agather, Alison, Amon, Rainer M.W., Anderson, Robert, Andersson, Per, Benner, Ronald, Bowman, Katlin, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Gdaniec, Sandra, Gerringa, Loes J.A., Gonzalez, Aridane G., Granskog, Mats, A, Haley, Brian, Hammerschmidt, Chad, R, Hansell, Dennis, Henderson, Paul, Kadko, David, Kaiser, Karl, Lam, Phoebe, Lamborg, Carl, Levier, Martin, Li, Xianglei, Margolin, Andrew, Measures, Chris, Middag, Rob, Millero, Frank, Moore, Willard, Paffrath, Ronja, Planquette, Hélène, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, Rember, Robert, Rijkenberg, Micha J.A., Roy-Barman, Matthieu, Rutgers van Der Loeff, Michiel, Saito, Mak, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, Peter, Sherrell, Robert, Shiller, Alan, M, Slagter, Hans, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Stedmon, Colin, Woosley, Ryan, Valk, Ole, van Ooijen, Jan, Zhang, RuifengContributors: “...School of Oceanography Seattle...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2020)
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3642by Martin, Patrick, van Der Loeff, Michiel M. Rutgers, Cassar, Nicolas, Vandromme, Pieter, d'Ovidio, Francesco, Stemmann, Lars, Rengarajan, R., Soares, Melena, González, Humberto, E., Ebersbach, Friederike, E, Lampitt, Richard S., Sanders, Richard, Barnett, Bruce A., Smetacek, Victor, Naqvi, S. Wajih A.Contributors: “...National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOC)...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2013)
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3643by Larue, Michelle, Iles, David, Labrousse, Sara, Fretwell, Peter, Ortega, David, Devane, Eileen, Horstmann, Isabella, Viollat, Lise, Foster-Dyer, Rose, Le Bohec, Céline, Zitterbart, Daniel, Houstin, Aymeric, Richter, Sebastian, Winterl, Alexander, Wienecke, Barbara, Salas, Leo, Nixon, Monique, Barbraud, Christophe, Kooyman, Gerald, Ponganis, Paul, Ainley, David, Trathan, Philip, Jenouvrier, StephanieContributors: “...Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego)...”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2024)
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3644by Larue, Michelle, Iles, David, Labrousse, Sara, Fretwell, Peter, Ortega, David, Devane, Eileen, Horstmann, Isabella, Viollat, Lise, Foster-Dyer, Rose, Le Bohec, Céline, Zitterbart, Daniel, Houstin, Aymeric, Richter, Sebastian, Winterl, Alexander, Wienecke, Barbara, Salas, Leo, Nixon, Monique, Barbraud, Christophe, Kooyman, Gerald, Ponganis, Paul, Ainley, David, Trathan, Philip, Jenouvrier, StephanieContributors: “...Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego)...”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2024)
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3645by Charette, Matthew, A, Kipp, Lauren, Jensen, Laramie, Dabrowski, Jessica, Whitmore, Laura, Fitzsimmons, Jessica, Williford, Tatiana, Ulfsbo, Adam, Jones, Elizabeth, Bundy, Randelle, Vivancos, Sebastian, Pahnke, Katharina, John, Seth, Xiang, Yang, Hatta, Mariko, Petrova, Mariia, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Bauch, Dorothea, Newton, Robert, Pasqualini, Angelica, Agather, Alison, Amon, Rainer M.W., Anderson, Robert, Andersson, Per, Benner, Ronald, Bowman, Katlin, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Gdaniec, Sandra, Gerringa, Loes J.A., Gonzalez, Aridane G., Granskog, Mats, A, Haley, Brian, Hammerschmidt, Chad, R, Hansell, Dennis, Henderson, Paul, Kadko, David, Kaiser, Karl, Lam, Phoebe, Lamborg, Carl, Levier, Martin, Li, Xianglei, Margolin, Andrew, Measures, Chris, Middag, Rob, Millero, Frank, Moore, Willard, Paffrath, Ronja, Planquette, Hélène, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, Rember, Robert, Rijkenberg, Micha J.A., Roy-Barman, Matthieu, Rutgers van Der Loeff, Michiel, Saito, Mak, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, Peter, Sherrell, Robert, Shiller, Alan, M, Slagter, Hans, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Stedmon, Colin, Woosley, Ryan, Valk, Ole, van Ooijen, Jan, Zhang, RuifengContributors: “...School of Oceanography Seattle...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2020)
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3646by Charette, Matthew, A, Kipp, Lauren, Jensen, Laramie, Dabrowski, Jessica, Whitmore, Laura, Fitzsimmons, Jessica, Williford, Tatiana, Ulfsbo, Adam, Jones, Elizabeth, Bundy, Randelle, Vivancos, Sebastian, Pahnke, Katharina, John, Seth, Xiang, Yang, Hatta, Mariko, Petrova, Mariia, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Bauch, Dorothea, Newton, Robert, Pasqualini, Angelica, Agather, Alison, Amon, Rainer M.W., Anderson, Robert, Andersson, Per, Benner, Ronald, Bowman, Katlin, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Gdaniec, Sandra, Gerringa, Loes J.A., Gonzalez, Aridane G., Granskog, Mats, A, Haley, Brian, Hammerschmidt, Chad, R, Hansell, Dennis, Henderson, Paul, Kadko, David, Kaiser, Karl, Lam, Phoebe, Lamborg, Carl, Levier, Martin, Li, Xianglei, Margolin, Andrew, Measures, Chris, Middag, Rob, Millero, Frank, Moore, Willard, Paffrath, Ronja, Planquette, Hélène, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, Rember, Robert, Rijkenberg, Micha J.A., Roy-Barman, Matthieu, Rutgers van Der Loeff, Michiel, Saito, Mak, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, Peter, Sherrell, Robert, Shiller, Alan, M, Slagter, Hans, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Stedmon, Colin, Woosley, Ryan, Valk, Ole, van Ooijen, Jan, Zhang, RuifengContributors: “...School of Oceanography Seattle...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2020)
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3647by Charette, Matthew, A, Kipp, Lauren, Jensen, Laramie, Dabrowski, Jessica, Whitmore, Laura, Fitzsimmons, Jessica, Williford, Tatiana, Ulfsbo, Adam, Jones, Elizabeth, Bundy, Randelle, Vivancos, Sebastian, Pahnke, Katharina, John, Seth, Xiang, Yang, Hatta, Mariko, Petrova, Mariia, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Bauch, Dorothea, Newton, Robert, Pasqualini, Angelica, Agather, Alison, Amon, Rainer M.W., Anderson, Robert, Andersson, Per, Benner, Ronald, Bowman, Katlin, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Gdaniec, Sandra, Gerringa, Loes J.A., Gonzalez, Aridane G., Granskog, Mats, A, Haley, Brian, Hammerschmidt, Chad, R, Hansell, Dennis, Henderson, Paul, Kadko, David, Kaiser, Karl, Lam, Phoebe, Lamborg, Carl, Levier, Martin, Li, Xianglei, Margolin, Andrew, Measures, Chris, Middag, Rob, Millero, Frank, Moore, Willard, Paffrath, Ronja, Planquette, Hélène, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, Rember, Robert, Rijkenberg, Micha J.A., Roy-Barman, Matthieu, Rutgers van Der Loeff, Michiel, Saito, Mak, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, Peter, Sherrell, Robert, Shiller, Alan, M, Slagter, Hans, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Stedmon, Colin, Woosley, Ryan, Valk, Ole, van Ooijen, Jan, Zhang, RuifengContributors: “...School of Oceanography Seattle...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2020)
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3648by Charette, Matthew, A, Kipp, Lauren, Jensen, Laramie, Dabrowski, Jessica, Whitmore, Laura, Fitzsimmons, Jessica, Williford, Tatiana, Ulfsbo, Adam, Jones, Elizabeth, Bundy, Randelle, Vivancos, Sebastian, Pahnke, Katharina, John, Seth, Xiang, Yang, Hatta, Mariko, Petrova, Mariia, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Bauch, Dorothea, Newton, Robert, Pasqualini, Angelica, Agather, Alison, Amon, Rainer M.W., Anderson, Robert, Andersson, Per, Benner, Ronald, Bowman, Katlin, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Gdaniec, Sandra, Gerringa, Loes J.A., Gonzalez, Aridane G., Granskog, Mats, A, Haley, Brian, Hammerschmidt, Chad, R, Hansell, Dennis, Henderson, Paul, Kadko, David, Kaiser, Karl, Lam, Phoebe, Lamborg, Carl, Levier, Martin, Li, Xianglei, Margolin, Andrew, Measures, Chris, Middag, Rob, Millero, Frank, Moore, Willard, Paffrath, Ronja, Planquette, Hélène, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, Rember, Robert, Rijkenberg, Micha J.A., Roy-Barman, Matthieu, Rutgers van Der Loeff, Michiel, Saito, Mak, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, Peter, Sherrell, Robert, Shiller, Alan, M, Slagter, Hans, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Stedmon, Colin, Woosley, Ryan, Valk, Ole, van Ooijen, Jan, Zhang, RuifengContributors: “...School of Oceanography Seattle...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2020)
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3649by Charette, Matthew, A, Kipp, Lauren, Jensen, Laramie, Dabrowski, Jessica, Whitmore, Laura, Fitzsimmons, Jessica, Williford, Tatiana, Ulfsbo, Adam, Jones, Elizabeth, Bundy, Randelle, Vivancos, Sebastian, Pahnke, Katharina, John, Seth, Xiang, Yang, Hatta, Mariko, Petrova, Mariia, Heimbürger-Boavida, Lars-Eric, Bauch, Dorothea, Newton, Robert, Pasqualini, Angelica, Agather, Alison, Amon, Rainer M.W., Anderson, Robert, Andersson, Per, Benner, Ronald, Bowman, Katlin, Edwards, R. Lawrence, Gdaniec, Sandra, Gerringa, Loes J.A., Gonzalez, Aridane G., Granskog, Mats, A, Haley, Brian, Hammerschmidt, Chad, R, Hansell, Dennis, Henderson, Paul, Kadko, David, Kaiser, Karl, Lam, Phoebe, Lamborg, Carl, Levier, Martin, Li, Xianglei, Margolin, Andrew, Measures, Chris, Middag, Rob, Millero, Frank, Moore, Willard, Paffrath, Ronja, Planquette, Hélène, Rabe, Benjamin, Reader, Heather, Rember, Robert, Rijkenberg, Micha J.A., Roy-Barman, Matthieu, Rutgers van Der Loeff, Michiel, Saito, Mak, Schauer, Ursula, Schlosser, Peter, Sherrell, Robert, Shiller, Alan, M, Slagter, Hans, Sonke, Jeroen, E., Stedmon, Colin, Woosley, Ryan, Valk, Ole, van Ooijen, Jan, Zhang, RuifengContributors: “...School of Oceanography Seattle...”
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2020)
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3650by Larue, Michelle, Iles, David, Labrousse, Sara, Fretwell, Peter, Ortega, David, Devane, Eileen, Horstmann, Isabella, Viollat, Lise, Foster-Dyer, Rose, Le Bohec, Céline, Zitterbart, Daniel, Houstin, Aymeric, Richter, Sebastian, Winterl, Alexander, Wienecke, Barbara, Salas, Leo, Nixon, Monique, Barbraud, Christophe, Kooyman, Gerald, Ponganis, Paul, Ainley, David, Trathan, Philip, Jenouvrier, StephanieContributors: “...Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego)...”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2024)
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3651by Larue, Michelle, Iles, David, Labrousse, Sara, Fretwell, Peter, Ortega, David, Devane, Eileen, Horstmann, Isabella, Viollat, Lise, Foster-Dyer, Rose, Le Bohec, Céline, Zitterbart, Daniel, Houstin, Aymeric, Richter, Sebastian, Winterl, Alexander, Wienecke, Barbara, Salas, Leo, Nixon, Monique, Barbraud, Christophe, Kooyman, Gerald, Ponganis, Paul, Ainley, David, Trathan, Philip, Jenouvrier, StephanieContributors: “...Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego)...”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2024)
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3652by Martin, Patrick, van Der Loeff, Michiel M. Rutgers, Cassar, Nicolas, Vandromme, Pieter, d'Ovidio, Francesco, Stemmann, Lars, Rengarajan, R., Soares, Melena, González, Humberto, E., Ebersbach, Friederike, E, Lampitt, Richard S., Sanders, Richard, Barnett, Bruce A., Smetacek, Victor, Naqvi, S. Wajih A.Contributors: “...National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOC)...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2013)
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3653by Martin, Patrick, van Der Loeff, Michiel M. Rutgers, Cassar, Nicolas, Vandromme, Pieter, d'Ovidio, Francesco, Stemmann, Lars, Rengarajan, R., Soares, Melena, González, Humberto, E., Ebersbach, Friederike, E, Lampitt, Richard S., Sanders, Richard, Barnett, Bruce A., Smetacek, Victor, Naqvi, S. Wajih A.Contributors: “...National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOC)...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2013)
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3654by Martin, Patrick, van Der Loeff, Michiel M. Rutgers, Cassar, Nicolas, Vandromme, Pieter, d'Ovidio, Francesco, Stemmann, Lars, Rengarajan, R., Soares, Melena, González, Humberto, E., Ebersbach, Friederike, E, Lampitt, Richard S., Sanders, Richard, Barnett, Bruce A., Smetacek, Victor, Naqvi, S. Wajih A.Contributors: “...National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOC)...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2013)
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3655by Martin, Patrick, van Der Loeff, Michiel M. Rutgers, Cassar, Nicolas, Vandromme, Pieter, d'Ovidio, Francesco, Stemmann, Lars, Rengarajan, R., Soares, Melena, González, Humberto, E., Ebersbach, Friederike, E, Lampitt, Richard S., Sanders, Richard, Barnett, Bruce A., Smetacek, Victor, Naqvi, S. Wajih A.Contributors: “...National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOC)...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2013)
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3656by Martin, Patrick, van Der Loeff, Michiel M. Rutgers, Cassar, Nicolas, Vandromme, Pieter, d'Ovidio, Francesco, Stemmann, Lars, Rengarajan, R., Soares, Melena, González, Humberto, E., Ebersbach, Friederike, E, Lampitt, Richard S., Sanders, Richard, Barnett, Bruce A., Smetacek, Victor, Naqvi, S. Wajih A.Contributors: “...National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOC)...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2013)
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3657by Martin, Patrick, van Der Loeff, Michiel M. Rutgers, Cassar, Nicolas, Vandromme, Pieter, d'Ovidio, Francesco, Stemmann, Lars, Rengarajan, R., Soares, Melena, González, Humberto, E., Ebersbach, Friederike, E, Lampitt, Richard S., Sanders, Richard, Barnett, Bruce A., Smetacek, Victor, Naqvi, S. Wajih A.Contributors: “...National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOC)...”
Published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles (2013)
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3658by Larue, Michelle, Iles, David, Labrousse, Sara, Fretwell, Peter, Ortega, David, Devane, Eileen, Horstmann, Isabella, Viollat, Lise, Foster-Dyer, Rose, Le Bohec, Céline, Zitterbart, Daniel, Houstin, Aymeric, Richter, Sebastian, Winterl, Alexander, Wienecke, Barbara, Salas, Leo, Nixon, Monique, Barbraud, Christophe, Kooyman, Gerald, Ponganis, Paul, Ainley, David, Trathan, Philip, Jenouvrier, StephanieContributors: “...Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego)...”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2024)
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3659by Larue, Michelle, Iles, David, Labrousse, Sara, Fretwell, Peter, Ortega, David, Devane, Eileen, Horstmann, Isabella, Viollat, Lise, Foster-Dyer, Rose, Le Bohec, Céline, Zitterbart, Daniel, Houstin, Aymeric, Richter, Sebastian, Winterl, Alexander, Wienecke, Barbara, Salas, Leo, Nixon, Monique, Barbraud, Christophe, Kooyman, Gerald, Ponganis, Paul, Ainley, David, Trathan, Philip, Jenouvrier, StephanieContributors: “...Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego)...”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2024)
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3660by Larue, Michelle, Iles, David, Labrousse, Sara, Fretwell, Peter, Ortega, David, Devane, Eileen, Horstmann, Isabella, Viollat, Lise, Foster-Dyer, Rose, Le Bohec, Céline, Zitterbart, Daniel, Houstin, Aymeric, Richter, Sebastian, Winterl, Alexander, Wienecke, Barbara, Salas, Leo, Nixon, Monique, Barbraud, Christophe, Kooyman, Gerald, Ponganis, Paul, Ainley, David, Trathan, Philip, Jenouvrier, StephanieContributors: “...Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego)...”
Published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2024)
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