Oceanography
![6}} undertook the first global marine research expedition in 1872.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Challenger.jpg)
Oceanography ('' ()|ocean||' ()|writing}}), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science''', is the scientific study of the ocean. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and seabed geology; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans, including marine geology, physics, chemistry, and biology. Provided by Wikipedia
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286by Sirovic, Ana, Oleson, Erin M., Calambokidis, John, Baumann-Pickering, Simone, Cummins, Amanda, Kerosky, Sara, Roche, Lauren, Simonis, Anne, Wiggins, Sean M., Hildebrand, John A.Contributors: “...Oceanography (OC)...”
Published 2011
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287Contributors: “...University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC)...”
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290by Baird, Robin W., Schorr, Gregory S., Webster, Daniel L., Mahaffey, Sabre D., Aschettino, Jessica M., Cullins, ToriContributors: “...Oceanography (OC)...”
Published 2011
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291by Le Moigne, Frédéric A.C., Pabortsava, Katsiaryna, Marcinko, Charlotte, Martin, Patrick, Sanders, RichardContributors: “...National Oceanography Centre (NOC)...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2015)
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292by Le Moigne, Frédéric A.C., Pabortsava, Katsiaryna, Marcinko, Charlotte, Martin, Patrick, Sanders, RichardContributors: “...National Oceanography Centre (NOC)...”
Published in Geophysical Research Letters (2015)
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297by Oleson, Erin M., Calambokidis, John, Falcone, Erin, Schorr, Greg, Hildebrand, John A.Contributors: “...Oceanography (OC)...”
Published 2009
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