Oceanography
![6}} undertook the first global marine research expedition in 1872.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Challenger.jpg)
Oceanography ('' ()|ocean||' ()|writing}}), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science''', is the scientific study of the ocean. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and seabed geology; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans, including marine geology, physics, chemistry, and biology. Provided by Wikipedia
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189by Elisabeth L. Clifford (Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Marta M. Varela (Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña), Daniele De Corte (Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)), Antonio Bode (Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña), Victor Ortiz (Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Gerhard J. Herndl (Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Eva Sintes (Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna)Get access
Published in Microbial Ecology (2019)
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194by Federico Baltar (Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University), Thomas Reinthaler (Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Gerhard J. Herndl (Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna), Jarone Pinhassi (Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University)Get access
Published in PLoS ONE (2013)
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195by Hofmann, Zerlina, von Appen, Wilken‐Jon, Wekerle, Claudia, von Appen, Wilken‐Jon; 1 Physical Oceanography of the Polar Seas Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven Germany, Wekerle, Claudia; 1 Physical Oceanography of the Polar Seas Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven GermanyGet access
Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2021)
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