Norway

Ohthere's Norway (, ), officially the Kingdom of Norway,; Nynorsk: ''''; official names in minority languages: Northern Sami: ''Norga''; Lule Sami: ''Vuodna''; Southern Sami: ''Nöörje''; .}} is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula with a population of 5.5 million as of 2024. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of Norway.}} Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency; Norway also claims the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. The capital and largest city in Norway is Oslo.

Norway has a total area of . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden, and is bordered by Finland and Russia to the northeast. Norway has an extensive coastline facing the Skagerrak strait, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the Barents Sea. Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway. Jonas Gahr Støre has been Prime Minister of Norway since 2021. As a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the parliament, the cabinet, and the supreme court, as determined by the 1814 constitution. The unified kingdom of Norway was established in 872 as a merger of petty kingdoms and has existed continuously for }} years. From 1537 to 1814, Norway was part of Denmark–Norway, and, from 1814 to 1905, it was in a personal union with Sweden. Norway was neutral during the First World War, and in the Second World War until April 1940 when it was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany until the end of the war.

Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels: counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament and the Finnmark Act. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States. Norway is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, the Antarctic Treaty, and the Nordic Council; a member of the European Economic Area, the WTO, and the OECD; and a part of the Schengen Area. The Norwegian dialects share mutual intelligibility with Danish and Swedish.

Norway maintains the Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system, and its values are rooted in egalitarian ideals. The Norwegian state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, having extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, and fresh water. The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. The country has the fourth- and eighth-highest per-capita income in the world on the World Bank's and IMF's list, respectively. It has the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, with a value of US$1.3 trillion. Provided by Wikipedia

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  1. 421
    by H. J. D. Thomas (School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh), A. D. Bjorkman (School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh), I. H. Myers-Smith (School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh), S. C. Elmendorf (Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado), J. Kattge (Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry), S. Diaz (Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET), M. Vellend (Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke), D. Blok (Dutch Research Council), J. H. C. Cornelissen (Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit), B. C. Forbes (Arctic Centre, University of Lapland), G. H. R. Henry (Department of Geography, University of British Columbia), R. D. Hollister (Biology Department, Grand Valley State University), S. Normand (Department of Biology, Aarhus University), J. S. Prevéy (WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF), C. Rixen (WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF), G. Schaepman-Strub (Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich), M. Wilmking (Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University), S. Wipf (WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF), W. K. Cornwell (Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales), P. S. A. Beck (European Commission, Joint Research Centre), D. Georges (School of Geosciences, University of Edinburg), S. J. Goetz (School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University), K. C. Guay (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences), N. Rüger (German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)), N. A. Soudzilovskaia (Environmental Biology Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University), M. J. Spasojevic (Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside), J. M. Alatalo (Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University), H. D. Alexander (Department of Forestry, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University), A. Anadon-Rosell (Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona), S. Angers-Blondin (School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh), M. te Beest (Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University), L. T. Berner (School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University), R. G. Björk (Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg), A. Buchwal (Adam Mickiewicz University), A. Buras (Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technische Universität München), M. Carbognani (Deptartment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma), K. S. Christie (Alaska Department of Fish and Game), L. S. Collier (Department of Biology, Memorial University), E. J. Cooper (Deptartment of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Bioscences Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway), B. Elberling (Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen), A. Eskelinen (German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)), E. R. Frei (Department of Geography, University of British Columbia), O. Grau (CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB), P. Grogan (Department of Biology, Queen’s University), M. Hallinger (Biology Department, Swedish Agricultural University (SLU)), M. M. P. D. Heijmans (Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research), L. Hermanutz (Department of Biology, Memorial University), J. M. G. Hudson (British Columbia Public Service), J. F. Johnstone (Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan), K. Hülber (Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna)
    Published in Nature Communications (2020)
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  2. 422
    by Matthew D. Shupe (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Markus Rex (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Byron Blomquist (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), P. Ola G. Persson (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Julia Schmale (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Taneil Uttal (Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA), Dietrich Althausen (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Hélène Angot (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Stephen Archer (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences), Ludovic Bariteau (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Ivo Beck (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), John Bilberry (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), Silvia Bucci (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Clifton Buck (Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia), Matt Boyer (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Zoé Brasseur (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Ian M. Brooks (University of Leeds), Radiance Calmer (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), John Cassano (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Vagner Castro (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA), David Chu (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), David Costa (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Christopher J. Cox (Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA), Jessie Creamean (Colorado State University), Susanne Crewell (Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne), Sandro Dahlke (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Ellen Damm (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Gijs de Boer (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Holger Deckelmann (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Klaus Dethloff (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Marina Dütsch (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Kerstin Ebell (Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne), André Ehrlich (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Jody Ellis (Hamelmann Communications), Ronny Engelmann (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Allison A. Fong (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Markus M. Frey (British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, UK), Michael R. Gallagher (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Laurens Ganzeveld (Wageningen University), Rolf Gradinger (UiT, The Arctic University of Norway), Jürgen Graeser (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Vernon Greenamyer (Hamelmann Communications), Hannes Griesche (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Steele Griffiths (Australian Bureau of Meteorology), Jonathan Hamilton (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Günther Heinemann (Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier), Detlev Helmig (Boulder A.I.R, LLC), Andreas Herber (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Céline Heuzé (Departement of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg), Julian Hofer (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Todd Houchens (Sandia National Laboratories, USA), Dean Howard (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Jun Inoue (National Institute of Polar Research, Japan), Hans-Werner Jacobi (Institute for Geosciences and Environmental Research, CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes/IRD/G-INP), Ralf Jaiser (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Tuija Jokinen (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Olivier Jourdan (Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, LaMP/CNRS/UCA), Gina Jozef (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Wessley King (Hamelmann Communications), Amelie Kirchgaessner (British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, UK), Marcus Klingebiel (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Misha Krassovski (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA), Thomas Krumpen (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Astrid Lampert (Institute of Flight Guidance, TU Braunschweig), William Landing (Florida State University), Tiia Laurila (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Dale Lawrence (Research and Engineering Center for Unmanned Vehicles, University of Colorado, Boulder), Michael Lonardi (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Brice Loose (University of Rhode Island), Christof Lüpkes (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Maximilian Maahn (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Andreas Macke (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Wieslaw Maslowski (Naval Postgraduate School), Christopher Marsay (Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, University of Georgia), Marion Maturilli (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Mario Mech (Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne), Sara Morris (Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA), Manuel Moser (Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)), Marcel Nicolaus (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Paul Ortega (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), Jackson Osborn (Physical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA), Falk Pätzold (Institute of Flight Guidance, TU Braunschweig), Donald K. Perovich (Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College), Tuukka Petäjä (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Christian Pilz (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Roberta Pirazzini (Finnish Meteorological Institute), Kevin Posman (Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences), Heath Powers (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), Kerri A. Pratt (University of Michigan), Andreas Preußer (Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier), Lauriane Quéléver (Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki), Martin Radenz (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Benjamin Rabe (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Annette Rinke (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Torsten Sachs (Institute of Flight Guidance, TU Braunschweig), Alexander Schulz (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Holger Siebert (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Tercio Silva (Universidade dos Açores), Amy Solomon (Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder), Anja Sommerfeld (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Gunnar Spreen (Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen), Mark Stephens (Florida International University), Andreas Stohl (Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna), Gunilla Svensson (Stockholm University), Janek Uin (Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA), Juarez Viegas (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), Christiane Voigt (Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)), Peter von der Gathen (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), Birgit Wehner (Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research), Jeffrey M. Welker (University of Alaska—Anchorage), Manfred Wendisch (Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig), Martin Werner (Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung), ZhouQing Xie (Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China), Fange Yue (Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China)
    Published in Elem Sci Anth (2022)
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    Contributors: ...Research Council of Norway, Norway...
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  11. 431
    Contributors: ... of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. tine_m_s@hotmail.com. 2Centre for prehospital emergency medicine, Oulu university...
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  12. 432
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    by Kvaerna, T., Ringdal, F.
    Published 1994
    Contributors: ...Kvaerna, T.; NFR/NORSAR, Kjeller, Norway...
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    by Bellier, Edwige
    Published in Polar Biology (2018)
    Contributors: ...The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø, Norway (UiT)...
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