New Zealand
![first visit](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg)
The islands of New Zealand were the last large habitable land to be settled by humans. Between about 1280 and 1350, Polynesians began to settle in the islands and then subsequently developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight and record New Zealand. In 1769 the British explorer Captain James Cook became the first European to set foot on and map New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the United Kingdom and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi which paved the way for Britain's declaration of sovereignty later that year and the establishment of the Crown Colony of New Zealand in 1841. Subsequently, a series of conflicts between the colonial government and Māori tribes resulted in the alienation and confiscation of large amounts of Māori land. New Zealand became a dominion in 1907; it gained full statutory independence in 1947, retaining the monarch as head of state. Today, the majority of New Zealand's population of 5.25 million is of European descent; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pasifika. Reflecting this, New Zealand's culture is mainly derived from Māori and early British settlers, with recent broadening of culture arising from increased immigration. The official languages are English, Māori, and New Zealand Sign Language, with the local dialect of English being dominant.
A developed country, it was the first to introduce a minimum wage, and the first to give women the right to vote. It ranks very highly in international measures of quality of life, human rights, and it has one of the lowest levels of perceived corruption in the world. It retains visible levels of inequality, having structural disparities between its Māori and European populations. New Zealand underwent major economic changes during the 1980s, which transformed it from a protectionist to a liberalised free-trade economy. The service sector dominates the national economy, followed by the industrial sector, and agriculture; international tourism is also a significant source of revenue. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, UKUSA, OECD, ASEAN Plus Six, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Community and the Pacific Islands Forum. It enjoys particularly close relations with the United States and is one of its major non-NATO allies; the United Kingdom; Samoa, Fiji, and Tonga; and with Australia, with a shared "Trans-Tasman" identity between the two countries stemming from centuries of British colonisation.
Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, unicameral Parliament, while executive political power is exercised by the Government, led by the prime minister, currently Christopher Luxon. Charles III is the country's king and is represented by the governor-general, Cindy Kiro. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes. The Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau (a dependent territory); the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing states in free association with New Zealand); and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica. Provided by Wikipedia
-
521by Edwards, Tamsin L., Nowicki, Sophie M.J., Marzeion, Ben, Hock, Regine, Goelzer, Heiko, Seroussi, Hélène, Jourdain, Nicolas, Slater, Donald A., Turner, Fiona E., Smith, Christopher J., Mckenna, Christine M., Simon, Erika G., Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, Gregory, Jonathan M., Larour, Eric Y., Lipscomb, William H., Payne, Antony J., Shepherd, Andrew P., Agosta, Cécile, Alexander, Patrick M., Albrecht, Torsten, Anderson, Brian M., Asay-Davis, Xylar S., Aschwanden, Andy, Barthel, Alice M., Bliss, Andrew K., Calov, Reinhard, Chambers, Christopher, Champollion, Nicolas, Choi, Youngmin, Cullather, Richard I., Cuzzone, Joshua K., Dumas, Christophe, Felikson, Denis, Fettweis, Xavier, Fujita, Koji, Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K., Gladstone, Rupert M.M., Golledge, Nicholas R., Greve, Ralf, Hattermann, Tore, Hoffman, Matthew J., Humbert, Angelika, Huss, Matthias, Huybrechts, P., Immerzeel, Walter Willem (walter), Kleiner, Thomas, Kraaijenbrink, Philip D.A., Le Clec’h, Sébastien, Lee, Victoria, Leguy, Gunter R., Little, Christopher M., Lowry, Daniel P., Malles, Jan Hendrik, Martin, Daniel F., Maussion, Fabien, Morlighem, Mathieu, O’neill, James F., Nias, Isabel J., Pattyn, Frank, Pelle, Tyler, Price, Stephen F., Quiquet, Aurélien, Radić, Valentina, Reese, Ronja, Rounce, David Robert, Rückamp, Martin, Sakai, Akiko, Shafer, Courtney, Schlegel, Nicole Jeanne, Shannon, Sarah R., Smith, Robin S., Straneo, Fiamma, Sun, Sainan, Tarasov, Lev, Trusel, Luke D., van Breedam, Jonas, van de Wal, Roderick S.W., van den Broeke, M. R., Winkelmann, Ricarda, Zekollari, Harry, Zhao, Chen, Zhang, Tong, Zwinger, ThomasContributors: “... programmes. N.R.G., D.P.L. and B.A. were supported by New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation...”
Published in Nature (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
522by Edwards, Tamsin L., Nowicki, Sophie M.J., Marzeion, Ben, Hock, Regine, Goelzer, Heiko, Seroussi, Hélène, Jourdain, Nicolas, Slater, Donald A., Turner, Fiona E., Smith, Christopher J., Mckenna, Christine M., Simon, Erika G., Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, Gregory, Jonathan M., Larour, Eric Y., Lipscomb, William H., Payne, Antony J., Shepherd, Andrew P., Agosta, Cécile, Alexander, Patrick M., Albrecht, Torsten, Anderson, Brian M., Asay-Davis, Xylar S., Aschwanden, Andy, Barthel, Alice M., Bliss, Andrew K., Calov, Reinhard, Chambers, Christopher, Champollion, Nicolas, Choi, Youngmin, Cullather, Richard I., Cuzzone, Joshua K., Dumas, Christophe, Felikson, Denis, Fettweis, Xavier, Fujita, Koji, Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K., Gladstone, Rupert M.M., Golledge, Nicholas R., Greve, Ralf, Hattermann, Tore, Hoffman, Matthew J., Humbert, Angelika, Huss, Matthias, Huybrechts, P., Immerzeel, Walter Willem (walter), Kleiner, Thomas, Kraaijenbrink, Philip D.A., Le Clec’h, Sébastien, Lee, Victoria, Leguy, Gunter R., Little, Christopher M., Lowry, Daniel P., Malles, Jan Hendrik, Martin, Daniel F., Maussion, Fabien, Morlighem, Mathieu, O’neill, James F., Nias, Isabel J., Pattyn, Frank, Pelle, Tyler, Price, Stephen F., Quiquet, Aurélien, Radić, Valentina, Reese, Ronja, Rounce, David Robert, Rückamp, Martin, Sakai, Akiko, Shafer, Courtney, Schlegel, Nicole Jeanne, Shannon, Sarah R., Smith, Robin S., Straneo, Fiamma, Sun, Sainan, Tarasov, Lev, Trusel, Luke D., van Breedam, Jonas, van de Wal, Roderick S.W., van den Broeke, M. R., Winkelmann, Ricarda, Zekollari, Harry, Zhao, Chen, Zhang, Tong, Zwinger, ThomasContributors: “... programmes. N.R.G., D.P.L. and B.A. were supported by New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation...”
Published in Nature (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper -
523by Edwards, Tamsin L., Nowicki, Sophie M.J., Marzeion, Ben, Hock, Regine, Goelzer, Heiko, Seroussi, Hélène, Jourdain, Nicolas, Slater, Donald A., Turner, Fiona E., Smith, Christopher J., Mckenna, Christine M., Simon, Erika G., Abe-Ouchi, Ayako, Gregory, Jonathan M., Larour, Eric Y., Lipscomb, William H., Payne, Antony J., Shepherd, Andrew P., Agosta, Cécile, Alexander, Patrick M., Albrecht, Torsten, Anderson, Brian M., Asay-Davis, Xylar S., Aschwanden, Andy, Barthel, Alice M., Bliss, Andrew K., Calov, Reinhard, Chambers, Christopher, Champollion, Nicolas, Choi, Youngmin, Cullather, Richard I., Cuzzone, Joshua K., Dumas, Christophe, Felikson, Denis, Fettweis, Xavier, Fujita, Koji, Galton-Fenzi, Benjamin K., Gladstone, Rupert M.M., Golledge, Nicholas R., Greve, Ralf, Hattermann, Tore, Hoffman, Matthew J., Humbert, Angelika, Huss, Matthias, Huybrechts, P., Immerzeel, Walter Willem (walter), Kleiner, Thomas, Kraaijenbrink, Philip D.A., Le Clec’h, Sébastien, Lee, Victoria, Leguy, Gunter R., Little, Christopher M., Lowry, Daniel P., Malles, Jan Hendrik, Martin, Daniel F., Maussion, Fabien, Morlighem, Mathieu, O’neill, James F., Nias, Isabel J., Pattyn, Frank, Pelle, Tyler, Price, Stephen F., Quiquet, Aurélien, Radić, Valentina, Reese, Ronja, Rounce, David Robert, Rückamp, Martin, Sakai, Akiko, Shafer, Courtney, Schlegel, Nicole Jeanne, Shannon, Sarah R., Smith, Robin S., Straneo, Fiamma, Sun, Sainan, Tarasov, Lev, Trusel, Luke D., van Breedam, Jonas, van de Wal, Roderick S.W., van den Broeke, M. R., Winkelmann, Ricarda, Zekollari, Harry, Zhao, Chen, Zhang, Tong, Zwinger, ThomasContributors: “... programmes. N.R.G., D.P.L. and B.A. were supported by New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation...”
Published in Nature (2021)
Get access
Get access
Get access
Get access
Article in Journal/Newspaper